Bargain, There are also tourists called bargaining, bargaining, bargaining, which are very common in many countries, such asAsiawithNorth AfricaMost of the place. In other places, bargaining is only on large commodities that are not priced, such as buying a house or second-hand car, but bargaining takes place in almost any flea market or scenic store.
Reach out
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In some places,If you don’t bargain, you will almost certainly spend more money wrongly.. Sellers expect a little bit of bargaining, so that their initial asking price will be higher than what they want to sell, and after bargaining, the selling price will still be profitable.
By all meansHard bargainingandTry not to be deceivedbutDon't expect too much. You are just a tourist and the other party is a bargaining veteran and has a home court advantage. As long as you hold yourself and get a reasonable price, you can feel a sense of accomplishment. Don't expect to achieve some miraculous low prices. Faced with a professional boxer, most people are proud to avoid their attack range. Don't try to win the game.
Also consider your actual situation. If the silk you are bargaining will cost $200 to ship to your home, it doesn't matter whether you pay $20 or $25 in Thailand. If your income is good and you spend most of it on travel, it doesn’t make sense to save this $5 in half an hour; your own time is more important than the time of price reduction and may be more worthwhile. Things. But if you enjoy the bargaining process, it's a different story.
Sometimes the amount of price reduction is only a small amount of money for tourists from relatively rich countries, but it is very important for people in poorer countries who make a living by doing business in tourist attractions. Prices that are a bit expensive for you are more expensive for sellers. In some cases, for example, a good sales may mean that all children can go to school or only boys can go to school.
If possible, go to a place where there are many sellers to get a chance to get a low price. A traveler said that he bought a silk shawl at a scenic spot in China and felt that he had cut the price from ￥250 to 100, which made him feel that it was a very reasonable price, until he saw an identical shawl in a nearby business district. ofAsking priceOnly ￥80.
When the price of a product you buy is higher than the local general priceDon't worry, This is common in many places. Sometimes I was deceived by merchants in the local market. Perhaps I bought something that locals can buy for $10 for $25. This is better than buying at an overpriced airport store. If you have mastered the basic skills of bargaining; buying in the market to promote the local economy, instead of giving the money to big companies; or giving some officials their own pockets, it will be cheaper.
Basic strategy
These points should be kept in mind:
- The key to a good deal isKnow the right price. If you know the correct price then you can tell the price you think is reasonable, and your price will be accepted when you are ready to leave the shop. BargainingBeforeFirst, get a rough idea of the price of the product.
- Hotels or airport gift shops generally have (high) fixed prices, which will at least give you the upper limit of the price.
- In many countries, there are government-run craft shops to promote local products. These places often have fixed prices, but they are more reasonable to give people a useful price limit. These products are generally of good quality. Compared with bargaining elsewhere, many travelers are buying them a wise choice.
- Shop around, especially when there are multiple suppliers supplying a product.
- Ask other travelers for the price of similar products and try to get a better price.
- If you want to buy some similar products, try to make a better deal every time.
- If you can, ask a trusted local what price range is reasonable.
- If possible, try to see how locals pay and refuse to pay more. You can watch it, or hire someone, after they have purchased it. Try not to be obvious. In some parts of the world, locals will postpone the purchase so that the manufacturer can extract extra profits from you as an outsider.
- When bargainingBe polite and friendly(Instead of being tough). If the vendor thinks you are good, then you will almost always get a better deal.
- Don't let strange locals "help" you, Whether it is to help you bargain or find what you want. You are likely to pay extra commissions for this, and you will be tricked into paying back people's money.
- A common strategy is to tell your price and thenReady to go. You will definitely get at least two quotations, one lower than the other. It is also possible that the vendor will ask "How much do you want to buy?" (or something similar), which means that they think they will miss a sale.
Bargain responsibly
When bargaining, do so responsibly.
- Even if the culture of some places allows bargaining,Many commodities have fixed prices. For example, groceries and wine usually have a fixed price. When buying a bus ticket, don’t worry about it, look at the fare list at the bus terminal or ask other passengers on the way to see the price paid by the locals.
- Choose occasion. When buying a street stall in a mall store, try to reduce the price as much as possible. But if a bottle of water is expensive, then buy it elsewhere.
- Don't quit. If the seller accepts your bid, then you must keep the promise to buy it at this price. If you don't plan to sell, don't waste your time with the seller to bargain.
- Even joking sales can create obligations. When you passed by, the merchant waved a sword worth ￥200 and asked you for a price of 800. You laughed, said "100 yuan will work," and then move on. If he calls you back and says "Yes," then buy him 100 of your sword.
- Don't let other people "lost face". Although it is often said that "everything is negotiable"-it is not. Shame can never be negotiated. You know, the person you bargain with also has a family and responsibilities. You should try to reach agreement.
In short,Don't take it too seriously, A little sense of humor, knowing that it is appropriate to accept a transaction. rememberSellers are usually not evil liarsThey are not scammers dedicated to defrauding people’s hard-earned money, they just cooperate with merchants to feed their families.
Bargaining in game theory
Disclaimer The author here is not an expert in theory, just a half-hearted. In the second competition, in the process of applying the theory to practice, there may be risks of being too simple or ignoring some actual situations in the model, and the way of looking at problems provided by the theory may also change. |
Game theory is a set of mathematical methods that can be used to analyze almost any human interaction, not just games. It has a fairly wide range of applications in psychology and economics. In particular, it can be applied to almost any situation involving negotiation or negotiation. It has, in fact, a whole branch of "bargaining game" transaction theory.
A basic component of the theory is the difference between different types of games:
- existZero-sum game, The total value involved will not change:
- Five poker players each take $1000 to play cards. Some people will lose and some people will win, but all who win or losesumalwayszero. No matter how the situation changes, the total amount of money until the end is $5000.
- Chess wins 1 point, loses 0 points, and draws 0.5 points per person. No matter what happens in the match, the total score is always equal to the number of matches.
- existNon-zero sum game, The total value involved will change:
- A good marriage can bring good things to both parties (a "win-win" situation)
- An unfortunate marriage will make both parties unhappy
- Some business deals are beneficial to both companies
- Some wars cause damage to both sides without any positive effects ("lose-lose"?)
- existMixed gameThere are components of zero-sum game and non-zero-sum game:
- Chess scores are zero-sum, but other parts are non-zero-sum. Players on both sides may run out of energy and become very tired after the game.
- The scoring of boxing matches is zero-sum, but athletes may get injured.
Bargaining is a mixed game
- If you buy a product worth $50 with $70, then the seller makes a profit of $20 and you lose $20 in your pocket. This is obviously zero-sum.
- Overall,Our goal is to reach an agreement that benefits both parties, The seller gets the sale, and you get the goods. This is a typical win-win outcome, obviously non-zero sum.
These two goals are basically conflicting and reach an agreement that can require the buyer to pay more or the supplier to accept less. Sometimes the conflict is irreconcilable without a major sacrifice of a player. In this case, the best solution is to walk away. You shouldn't want to make such a sacrifice yourself, and you can't expect one from a supplier.
When bargaining, your goal is not just to win, or just to get the lowest possible price, or to minimize the supplier’s profits, but to find a price that is satisfactory to both parties.