Introduction
Flag of the Czech Republic
The Czech language, čeština in Czech, very often defined as very musical and pleasant to listen to, is a West Slavic language widespread almost in Czech Republic about 10 million people and about 6 million people who use it as a second language. The Slavic term already suggests that this language is closely related to other European languages whose most famous representative is the Russian. The western adjective, on the other hand, underlines its belonging to a specific branch within the Slavic languages, that is to the one that unites the Czech to the Slovak (with which it is mutually intelligible) and to the Polish.
A little grammar
Like any modern Slavic language aside from Bulgarian, Czech is an inflected language, like Latin. The function of the words in the sentence will then be decided by a special termination, which is called "chance". In the case of Czech there are 7 cases (one more than Latin and Russian) and they are: Nominative for the subject, Genitive, Dative, Locative and Instrumental (each has many functions depending on the preposition that precedes it or if they occur isolated ), Accusative for the object complement and motion to place and Vocative.
The use of cases guarantees a very free order to the sentence; even by swapping the words, the meaning will not change as the function is established by chance. So if in Italian "Antonio teases Andreina" with normal intonation is not the same as "Andreina teases Antonio", in Czech you can easily reverse "Andrea si dobírá Tondu" = "Tondu si dobírá Andrea", to change we should insert the accusatives backwards and say: "Andreu si dobírá Tonda" = "Tonda si dobírá Andreu".
The nouns, then, are divided into the three genders masculine, feminine and neuter on which the endings of the adjective, of other related nouns, of some verbal forms and grammatical cases depend. The masculine are still divided into animate and inanimate and this too has a considerable weight on the endings we will choose for the other elements in the sentence. As for the number, Czech like Italian has a singular and a plural.
If all this division of nouns has frightened you, now let's move on to verbs that are - at least in their forms and tenses - much simpler than in Italian. They only have a present and a past (for the future they use an auxiliary) but they are divided into two classes: perfective and imperfective, depending on the temporal nuance that you want to give.
As for the negation of a sentence, it is sufficient to insert an 'ne-' before the verb: mám = ho, nemám = non ho.
Pronunciation guide
The pronunciation of Czech is very simple. It follows the writing exactly and except in rare cases an Italian should read it without difficulty. For some particularities see the section a little further down. A peculiarity of Czech is the importance of the duration of the vowels. All vowels can be short or long (marked with an acute <á>, from not confuse with the accent which is fixed on the first syllable of each word). Below we will indicate a long vowel with a double vowel. Be careful to pronounce the long vowels for at least twice the duration of the Italian ones. Mistaking the length of vowels can lead to misunderstandings:
- zpráva = news, message vs. zprava = To the right
- from = he / she gave, gave vs. dál = beyond, still
Vowels
- to: "a" as in Italian
- is: "e" as in Italian
- i / y: both "i", their difference in spelling is only linked to historical reasons
- or: "o" as in Italian
- u: "u" as in Italian
- to: "long"
- is: "It is long"
- í / ý: both "long", their difference in spelling is only linked to historical reasons
- or: "or long"
- ú / ů: both "long u", their difference in spelling is only linked to historical reasons
Consonants
- b: b
- c: like the Italian "z" of "uncle"
- is: "c" of sky
- d: d
- d 'or Ď: like d but very sweet, as if about to pronounce an "i" after
- f: f
- g: always as hard as in the race
- h: always aspirated as in English "house"
- ch: exactly like 'h' but weaker.
- j: semiconsonantal sound, similar to yesterday's "i" (in the course of the phrasebook it will always be rendered as "j")
- k: k like the 'c' in the house
- L: L
- m: m
- n: n
- not: like n but very sweet, as if about to pronounce an "i" after
- p: p
- q: ku ma is present only in foreign words
- r: r
- ř: sound typical of Czech only, it is a very short "r" followed immediately by a journal "ž" in French. In the course of the phrasebook we will indicate it with the same Czech letter.
- s: always deaf as in "solo"
- š: "sc" as in misfortune (in the course of the phrasebook it will always be rendered as 'sc')
- t: t
- t 'or Ť: like t but very sweet, as if it were going to pronounce an "i" after
- v: v
- w: v, present only in loans
- x: ks, like the English sound
- z: sonorous "s" as in come out
- ž: French journal "j" (in the course of the phrasebook it will always be rendered with the Czech letter ž)
Other notes on pronunciation
- Except for the sound ř, the rest of the Czech letters are not particularly different from Italian. For this particular letter, try to pronounce the group rž quickly, in which the r is very short. Example: tři. In the course of the phrasebook we will indicate it with the same Czech letter.tři = three
- The accent in Czech is always fixed on the first syllable, which is why in the course of this phrase book we will not indicate the accent, assuming that it is at the beginning of each word.
- All final "voiced" letters (b, d, d ', g, h, v, z, ž) are pronounced deaf (p, t, t', k, ch, f, s, š). Example: zub. zub = tooth
- The letters t ', d' and n 'are called palatal and their sound is softer than the letters without apostrophe. In writing, when they are followed by the vowel 'e' the apostrophe merges: dě, tě, ně
- The group 'mě' is pronounced / mne /
- r and l can serve as vowels when there are no others in the word. Example: skrz. skrz = through
- The diphthong 'ou' reads as a long 'o'.
- Finally, pay attention to the consonant group 'sh' which not it is similar to the English of ship but pronounced as an s followed by an aspiration of the type of "house" in English. In some Bohemian dialects, that script is rendered as a simple 's'.
Basic
Basic words
- Yup : Ano, Jo (pron .: Ano, Jo)
- No : neither (pron.:ne)
- Help : Pomoc (pron.:pomoz)
- Attention : Pozor (pron.:posor)
- You are welcome : prosím (pron.:prosiim)
- Thank you : Děkujeme (informal: Díky) (pron.:diekujeme / diiki)
- Do not mention it : Není zač (pron .: negnii sac)
- No problem : To nevadí (pron.:to nevadii)
- Unfortunately : bohužel (pron.:bo-h-užel)
- Here : Zde (pron.:sde)
- There / there : Tady (pron.:tadi)
- When? : Kdy? (pron.:kdi)
- Thing? : Co? (pron.:zo?)
- Where is it? : Kde (pron.:kde?)
- Why? : Pro? (pron.:proci)
Signs
- Welcome : Vítejte (pron.:viitejte)
- Open : Otevřeno (pron.:otev-ř-eno)
- Closed : Zavřeno (pron.:zav-ř-eno)
- Entry : Vstup (pron.:vstup)
- Exit : Nastup (pron.:nastup)
- To push : tam (pron.:tam)
- Pull : sem (pron.: sem)
- Toilet : Toaleta (pron .: toaleta)
- Free : volno (pron.:volno)
- Busy : obsazeno! (pron.:obsaseno)
- Men : Muži (pron.:muži)
- Women : Ženy (pron.:ženii)
- Forbidden : Zakázan (pron.:sakasan)
- Smoking prohibited : Zákaz kouření (pron.:sakas ku-ř-enii)
- Hello : Ahoj (pron.:aoi)
- Good morning : Dobré ráno (pron.:dobre raano)
- Good morning : Dobrý den (pron.:dobri dien)
- Good evening : Dobrý večer (pron.:dobrii vecier)
- Good night : Dobrou noc (pron.:dobru noz)
- How are you? : Jak se máš? (pron.:jak se maa-sc)
- Fine thanks : Dobře, děkuji (pron.:dob-ř-e diekuii)
- And you? : to ty? (pron.:a ti)
- What's your name? : Jak se jmenujete? (pron.:jak se imenuiete)
- My name is _____ : Mé jméno je _____ (pron .: mee jminus je____)
- Nice to meet you : Těší mě (pron.:tie-sc-i miee)
- Where do you live? : Kde bydlíte / bydlíš (pron.:gde bidliite / bidliisc)
- I live in _____ : Bydlím v _____ (pron.:bidliim v____)
- Where do you come from? : odkud jste? (pron.:otkud ste?)
- How old are you / are you? : Kolik ti / vám je? (pron.:kolik ti / vaam je?)
- Excuse me (permission) : promiňte (pron.:promign(i)te)
- Excuse me! (asking for forgiveness) : omlouvám se (pron.:omlouvaamse)
- As he said? : Jak jste říkal? (pron.:jak jste řiikal?)
- I'm sorry : Líto mi je (pron.:liito mi ie)
- See you later : Nashledanou (pron.:nas-h-ledanu)
- See you soon : Uvidíme se brzy (pron.:uvidime if brzy)
- We feel! : Cítíme! (pron.:ziitiime)
- I don't speak your language well : Nechci mluvit vaším jazykem dobře (pron.:nehzi mluvit vascim jasikem dob-ř-e>)
- I speak _____ : Mluvím ____ (pron.:mluviim_____)
- Is there anyone speaking _____? : je tady někdo, který mluví ____ (pron.:je tadi niegdo, k (t) erii mluvii_______)
- ...Italian : italsky (pron.:italski)
- ...English : anglicky (pron.:anglizki)
- ...Spanish : španělsky (pron.:sc-panjelski)
- ...French : francousky (pron.:frazouski)
- ...German : německy (pron.:njemezki)
- Can you speak slower? : Mohli byste mluvit pomalu? (pron.:mohli biste mluvit pomalu)
- Could you repeat that? : můžete to zopakovat? (pron.:muužete to sopakovat)
- What does it mean? : Co to znamená? (pron.:Zo to snamenaaa?)
- I do not know : Nevím (pron.:neviim)
- I do not understand : Nerozumím (pron .: Nerozumiim)
- How do you say _____? : jak se to řiká? (pron.:iak se to řikaa?)
- Can you spell it for me? : Můžete mi to hláskovat? (pron.:muužete mi to hlaaskovat?)
- Where is the toilette? : Kde je záchod? (pron.:Gde je zaachot?)
Emergency
Authority
- I've lost my purse : Ztratil jsem tašku (pron.:stratil sem tasc-ku)
- I've lost my wallet : Ztratil jsem peněženku (pron.:stratil sem penježenku)
- I was robbed : Byl jsem okraden> (pron.:bilsem okraden)
- The car was parked in the street ... : auto bylo parkováno na ulici_______ (pron .: auto bilo parkovaano na ulizi_________)
- I haven't done anything wrong : Nic špatného jsem neudělal (pron.:niz sc-patneeho jsem neudjelal)
- It was a misunderstanding : To bylo nedorozumění (pron.:To bilo nedorozumnjenii)
- Where are you taking me? : Kam do you see me? (pron.:kam mnje védete?)
- Am I under arrest? : Jsem zatčen? (pron.:sem sat-cien?)
- I am an Italian citizen : Jsem italský občan (pron.:sem italskii obcian)
- I want to speak to a lawyer : Chci mluvit s právníkem (pron.:H-zi mluvit s praavniikem)
- Can I pay the fine now? : Můžu platit pokutu? (pron.:muužu platit pokutu)
On the telephone
- Ready : ( )
- A moment : počkejte (pron.:pocikeite)
- I dialed the wrong number : Spletl jsem si číslo (pron.:spletl sem si ciislo)
- Stay online : Nepokládejte prosím (pron.:nepoklaadejte prosiim)
- Sorry if I disturb, but : Promiňte, že ruším ale (pron.:promign-te že rusc-iim)
- I'll call back : zavolám nazpátek (pron.:savolaam naspaatek)
Safety
- leave me alone : Nechte mě být (pron.:nehte mnje biit)
- Do not touch me! : Nedotýkejte se mě (pron.:nedotiikejte se mnje)
- I'll call the police : Zavolám policii (pron.:savolaam policii)
- Where is the police station? : Kde je tady policejní stanice? (pron.:Gde ie tady polizeinii stanize)
- Police! : Police! (pron .: Polize)
- Stop! Thief! : Chyťte zloděje! (pron.:chitite zlodjeje!)
- I need your help : Potřebuju pomoc (pron.:potřebuiu pomoc)
- I'm lost : Ztratil jsem se (pron.:stratil sem se)
Health
- It's an emergency : Je to nouzová situace (pron.:ie to nouzovaa situace)
- I feel bad : Je mi špatně (pron.:ie mi sc-patnje)
- I am hurt : Jsem zraněn (pron.:sem sranjen)
- Call an ambulance : Zavolejte záchranku (pron.:savolejte saachranku)
- It hurts here : Bolí mě tady (pron.:bolii mnje tadi)
- I have fever : Mám horečku (pron .: maam horeciku)
- Should I stay in bed? : Měl bych zůstat v posteli? (pron.:mnjel bih zuustat fposteli)
- I need a doctor : Potřebuju lékaře (pron.:potřebuju leekaře)
- May I use the phone? : Mohu použít váš telef? (pron.:mohu použiit vaasc- telephone?)
- I am allergic to antibiotics : Jsem alergický na antibiotika (pron.:sem alergizkii na antiobiotika)
Transportation
At the airport
- Could I have a ticket to _____? : ( )
- When does the plane leave for _____? : ( )
- Where does it stop? : ( )
- Stops at _____ : ( )
- Where does the bus to / from the airport leave from? : ( )
- How long do I have for check-in? : ( )
- Can I take this bag as hand luggage? : ( )
- Is this bag too heavy? : ( )
- What is the maximum weight allowed? : ( )
- Go to exit number _____ : ( )
Bus and Train
- How much does the ticket cost for _____? : Kolik je vstupenkou do _____? ()
- A ticket to ..., please : Vstupenka do ..., prosím ()
- I would like to change / cancel this ticket : Chci změnit / zrušit tuto jízdenku ()
- Where is this train / bus headed? : ( )
- Where does the train to _____ leave from? : ( )
- Which platform / stop? : Které skladby / zastavka? ()
- Does this train stop at _____? : I try vlak se zastaví na _____? ()
- When does the train leave for _____? : Kdy vlak do _____? ()
- When does the bus arrive in _____? : ( )
- Can you tell me when to get off? : ( )
- Sorry, I booked this place : ( )
- Is this seat free? : ( )
Taxi
- Taxi : Rates ()
- Take me to _____, please : ( )
- How much does it cost up to _____? : ( )
- Take me there, please : ( )
- taximeter : ( )
- Turn on the meter, please! : ( )
- Stop here, please! : ( )
- Wait here a moment, please! : ( )
- Rate per km of 50 km : Jízdné za km nad 50 km ()
- Starting rate : Nástupní sazba ()
- Rate per km : Jízdné za km ()
- Wait for min. : Čekání za min. ()
To drive
- I would like to rent a car : ( )
- One way street : ( )
- No parking : ( )
- Speed limit : ( )
- Gas station : ( )
- Petrol : ( )
- Diesel : ( )
- Traffic light : ( )
- Street : ( )
- Square : ( )
- Pavements : ( )
- Driver : ( )
- Pedestrian : ( )
- Pedestrian crossing : ( )
- Overtaking : ( )
- Fine : ( )
- Deviation : ( )
- Toll : ( )
- Border crossing : ( )
- Border : gräns ()
- Customs : ( )
- Declare : ( )
- Identity card : ( )
- Driving license : ( )
Orient yourself
- How do i get to _____? : ( )
- How far away ... : ( )
- ...The train station? : ( )
- ... the bus station? : ( )
- ...the airport? : ( )
- ...the center? : ( )
- ... the hostel? : ( )
- ... the hotel _____? : ( )
- ... the Italian consulate? : ( )
- ... the hospital? : ( )
- Where there are many ... : ( )
- ... hotel? : ( )
- ... restaurants? : ( )
- ...Cafe? : ( )
- ...places to visit? : ( )
- Can you point me on the map? : ( )
- Turn left : ( )
- Turn right : ( )
- Straight ahead : ( )
- To _____ : ( )
- Passing through _____ : ( )
- Front _____ : ( )
- Pay attention to _____ : ( )
- Crossroad : ( )
- North : ( )
- South : ( )
- East : ( )
- West : ( )
- Upward : ( )
- Over there : ( )
Hotel
- You have a free room? : ( )
- What is the price of a single / double room? : ( )
- The room has ... : ( )
- ...the sheets? : ( )
- ...the bathroom? : ( )
- ...the shower? : ( )
- ...the phone? : ( )
- ...TV? : ( )
- Can I see the room? : ( )
- You have a room... : ( )
- ...smaller? : ( )
- ... calmer? : ( )
- ...bigger? : ( )
- ...cleaner? : ( )
- ...cheaper? : ( )
- ... with a view of (sea) : ( )
- OK, I'll take it : ( )
- I will stay for _____ night (s) : ( )
- Can you recommend another hotel? : ( )
- Do you have a safe? : ( )
- Do you have key lockers? : ( )
- Is breakfast / lunch / dinner included? : ( )
- What time is breakfast / lunch / dinner? : ( )
- Please clean my room : ( )
- Can you wake me up at _____? : ( )
- I'd like to check out : ( )
- Common dormitory : ( )
- Shared bathroom : ( )
- Hot / boiling water : ( )
To eat
Vocabulary
- Trattoria : ( )
- Restaurant : ( )
- Snack bar : ( )
- Breakfast : ( )
- Snack : ( )
- Starter : ( )
- Lunch : ( )
- Dinner : ( )
- Snack : ( )
- Meal : ( )
- Soup : ( )
- Main meal : ( )
- Sweet : ( )
- Appetizer : ( )
- Digestive : ( )
- Hot : ( )
- Cold : ( )
- Sweet (adjective) : ( )
- Salty : ( )
- Bitter : ( )
- Sour : ( )
- Spicy : ( )
- Raw : ( )
- Smoked : ( )
- Fried : ( )
The bar
- Do you serve alcoholic beverages? : ( )
- Do you serve at the table? : ( )
- One / two beers, please : ( )
- A glass of red / white wine, please : ( )
- A large beer, please : ( )
- A bottle, please : ( )
- water : ( )
- Tonic water : ( )
- Orange juice : ( )
- Coca Cola : ( )
- soda : ( )
- One more, please : ( )
- When do you close? : ( )
At the restaurant
- A table for one / two people, please : ( )
- Can you bring me the menu? : ( )
- Can we order, please? : ( )
- Do you have any house specialties? : ( )
- Is there a local specialty? : ( )
- Is there a menu of the day? : ( )
- I am a vegetarian / vegan : ( )
- I don't eat pork : ( )
- I only eat kosher food : ( )
- I just want something light : ( )
- I would like to _____ : ( )
- Meat : ( )
- Well done : ( )
- To the blood : ( )
- Rabbit : ( )
- Chicken : ( )
- Turkey : ( )
- Bovine : ( )
- Pig : ( )
- Ham : ( )
- Sausage : ( )
- Fish : ( )
- Tuna : ( )
- Cheese : ( )
- Eggs : ( )
- Salad : ( )
- Vegetable : ( )
- Fruit : ( )
- Bread : ( )
- Toast : ( )
- Croissant : ( )
- Krapfen : ( )
- Pasta : ( )
- Rice : ( )
- Beans : ( )
- Asparagus : ( )
- Beet : ( )
- Carrot : ( )
- Cauliflower : ( )
- Watermelon : ( )
- Fennel : ( )
- Mushrooms : ( )
- Pineapple : ( )
- Orange : ( )
- Apricot : ( )
- Cherry : ( )
- Berries : ( )
- Kiwi : ( )
- Mango : ( )
- Apple : ( )
- Aubergine : ( )
- Melon : ( )
- Potato : ( )
- Chips : ( )
- Pear : ( )
- Fishing : ( )
- Peas : ( )
- Tomato : ( )
- Plum : ( )
- Cake : ( )
- Sandwich : ( )
- Grapes : ( )
- Meat : ( )
- Can I have a glass / cup / bottle of _____? : ( )
- Coffee : ( )
- You : ( )
- Juice : ( )
- Sparkling water : ( )
- Beer : ( )
- Red / white wine : ( )
- Can I have some _____? : ( )
- Spices : ( )
- Oil : ( )
- Mustard : ( )
- Vinegar : ( )
- Garlic : ( )
- Lemon : ( )
- salt : ( )
- pepper : ( )
- Butter : ( )
- Waiter! : ( )
- I finished : ( )
- It was great : ( )
- The Bill please : ( )
- We pay each for himself (Roman style) : ( )
- Keep the change : ( )
Money
Vocabulary
- Credit card : ( )
- Money : ( )
- Check : ( )
- Travel checks : ( )
- Currency : ( )
- To change : ( )
- Do you accept this currency? : ( )
- Do you accept credit cards? : ( )
- Can you change my money? : ( )
- Where can I exchange the money? : ( )
- What is the exchange rate? : ( )
- Where is the bank / ATM / exchange office? : ( )
Shopping
Useful words
- To buy : ( )
- Do the shopping : ( )
- Shopping : ( )
- Shop : ( )
- Library : ( )
- Fishmonger : ( )
- Shoe shop : ( )
- Pharmacy : ( )
- Bakery : ( )
- Butcher's shop : ( )
- Post Office : ( )
- Travel agency : ( )
- Price : ( )
- Expensive : ( )
- Cheap : ( )
- Receipt : ( )
- When do the shops open? : ( )
- Do you have this in my size? : ( )
- Does he have it in other colors? : ( )
- Which color do you prefer? : ( )
- Black : ( )
- White : ( )
- Grey : ( )
- Red : ( )
- Blue : ( )
- Yellow : ( )
- Green : ( )
- Orange : ( )
- Violet : ( )
- Brown : ( )
- How much? : ( )
- Too expensive : ( )
- I can not afford it : ( )
- I don't want this : ( )
- Can I try it on (dress)? : ( )
- You want to cheat me : ( )
- I'm not interested : ( )
- Do you also send abroad? : ( )
- OK, I'll take this : ( )
- Where do I pay? : ( )
- Can I have a bag? : ( )
- I need... : ( )
- ...toothpaste : ( )
- ...toothbrush : ( )
- ... tampons : ( )
- ...soap : ( )
- ...shampoo : ( )
- ...painkiller : ( )
- ...medicine for colds : ( )
- ...blade : ( )
- ...umbrella : ( )
- ... sun cream / milk : ( )
- ...postcard : ( )
- ...stamp : ( )
- ... batteries : ( )
- ... books / magazines / newspaper in Italian : ( )
- ...Italian dictionary : ( )
- ...pen : ( )
0 nula (NOO-lah) 1 jeden / jedna / jedno (YEH-dehn / YEHD-nah / YEHD-noh) 2 dva / dvě (dvah / dvyeh)
Numbers
| Useful words
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Time
Time and date
- What time is it? : ( )
- It's one o'clock precise : ( )
- quarter to _____ : ( )
- What time do we meet? : ( )
- At two o'clock : ( )
- When will we meet? : ( )
- See you on Monday : ( )
- When are you leaving? : ( )
- I'm leaving / leaving tomorrow morning : ( )
Duration
- _____ minute / minutes (ago) : ( )
- _____ hour / hours (ago) : ( )
- _____ day (s) (ago) : ( )
- _____ week (s) (ago) : ( )
- _____ month / months (ago) : ( )
- _____ year / years (ago) : ( )
- three times a day : ( )
- in an hour / in an hour : ( )
- often : ( )
- never : ( )
- always : ( )
- rarely : ( )
Common expressions
- Now : ( )
- Later : ( )
- Before : ( )
- Day : ( )
- Afternoon : ( )
- Evening : ( )
- Night : ( )
- Midnight : ( )
- Today : ( )
- Tomorrow : ( )
- Tonight : ( )
- Yesterday : ( )
- Yesterday night : ( )
- The day before yesterday : ( )
- Day after tomorrow : ( )
- This week : ( )
- Last week : ( )
- Next week : ( )
- Minute / I. : ( )
- hour (s) : ( )
- day (s) : ( )
- week (s) : ( )
- month (s) : ( )
- year / s : ( )
Days
| The days of the week | |||||||
| Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday | Sunday | |
| Writing | pondělí | úterý | středa | čtvrtek | pátek | sobota | neděle |
| Pronunciation | (pondjelii) | (uuterii) | (středa) | (ciitvrtek) | (paatek) | (sobota) | (nedjele) |
Months and Seasons
| winter zima (Yes but) | spring jaro (iaro) | |||||
| December | January | February | March | April | May | |
| Writing | prosinec | leden | únor | březen | duben | květen |
| Pronunciation | (prosinez) | (leden) | (uunor) | (br-gen) | (duben) | (kvieten) |
| summer léto (leto) | Autumn podzim (pod-sim) | |||||
| June | July | August | September | October | November | |
| Writing | červen | červenec | srpen | září | řijen | listopad |
| Pronunciation | (cerven) | (cervenez) | (sr-pen) | (sar-gin) | (r-gijen) | (listopad) |
Grammatical appendix
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