Phrase book Bahasa Melayu - Sprachführer Bahasa Melayu

Malaysia

Brunei

Singapore

Bahasa Melayu (Malay) is the official language in Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore.

General information

200 million people speak a Malay language (Malay and Indonesian) which makes it one of the most widely spoken languages ​​in the world. Due to the many regional languages ​​in their area, in many cases it is not the mother tongue of the speaker. Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) and Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesia) differ only slightly in a small part of the vocabulary. If you were taught a few sentences in Indonesian on your last vacation in Indonesia, you can cheerfully plunge into the fray in Malaysia and be understood without any problems.

There are two different scripts for the language:

• The historical one Yes how is the oldest Malay script and consists of the Arabic alphabet, which has been expanded by a few letters. Nowadays it is only used on cultural and religious occasions and by some members of local groups.
• This is standard today Rumi which uses Latin letters.

Malay usually also speak English (at least a little). This makes traveling and communicating in the three countries easy, but like anywhere in the world, the first step in becoming friends is trying to speak a simple sentence in the local language. The conditions are ideal. The grammar is relatively simple. There is no such thing as declination and conjugation. Only the verbs have a little specialty in store for the learner. And as a bonus, there are familiar letters that are spoken almost like in German. Anyone who has chatted a little with Malay often intuitively pronounces unknown words correctly while reading.

pronunciation

After a few exercises, the pronunciation of the letters turns out to be quite feasible for our language habits. Anyone who has internalized it should be able to reproduce unfamiliar words in an understandable way. Anyone who does speaking exercises with a Malay will find that a little more use of the tongue is necessary than in German, for example with L. and R.. Both are sounds spoken alveolarly. Here the tongue tampered with the dam behind the teeth. The latter is spoken with a vibrating tongue (rolling R), which you can do after a little practice. It is more likely that you involuntarily get used to your own after a while R. falls behind.
There is little literature about Malay in German. Phrasebooks and local information material therefore often use English as a pronunciation aid. Therefore, the reader on site should remember to interpret the written letters in English. This is of course different in this article.

Vowels

Bumiputra - sons of the earth

Hardly any other country is as strongly influenced by immigration as Malaysia, only around 60% of Malaysians are Malay. A special Malay word was coined for them: Bumiputra. It comes from Sanskrit Bhumiputra (Bhumi= Earth, Putra= Son). They include the Malay and smaller ethnic groups such as Javanese, Bugis, Minangkabaus, Dayak and Orang Asli. In 1971, the Malaysian government introduced the New Economic Policy. It regulated a preference for the Bumiputras over other members of the Malaysian population such as the Chinese and Indians. 80% of public service positions are to be filled with Bumiputras. “Non-Bumis”, for example, have almost no chance of advancement in the army and police. The situation is similar with places at universities.

a

how a in bar. It's identical to ours a

• saya (I) is spoken as: sa-jaa
• mata (Eyes) is spoken as: ma-taa
• padang (Field) is spoken as: pa-daang

e

The vowel is a bit more difficult. There are two different forms here.

• The e becomes similar to the German e spoken. The whole thing with a hint of one r. It is comparable to that are or. ere in English (e.g. the English words mare, or hare)
  • meja (Table) is spoken as: me-yeah
• The e is very short and is almost swallowed, but serves to audibly separate the consonants
  • peta (Card) is spoken as: ptaa

i

how i in beer or me. It is identical to our longer and more stressed one i.

• kiri (left) is spoken as: kie-rie

O

as the aw in English law. This tone does not exist in German and is difficult to describe verbally

• roti (Bread) is spoken as: (English!) raw tea

Good opportunity to shine with a little Malay - The Taxi

u

how u in Mus. It is identical to our longer and more stressed one u.

• susu (Milk) is spoken as: su-su
• guru (Teacher) is spoken as: guru

Consonants

b

as the b in German e.g. in bus or beer

c

as the ch in Czech Republic

d

as the d in the Germans

f

as the f in German, e.g. in February

G

as the G in German, e.g. in garden or globe

H

essentially like that H in German, however, the position of the letter within the word has to be taken into account:

• If the letter is at the beginning of the word, it is spoken softly.
  • hulu (Handle) is spoken as: hu-lu (with a soft 'h')
  • clothing (Nose) is spoken as: clothing (with a soft 'h')
• If the letter is in the middle of the word, it is clearly audible.
  • bahu (Shoulder) is spoken as: ba-hu
• If the letter is at the end of the word, it is quite soft and barely audible.
  • rumah (House) is spoken as: ruma

Please please!

Malay has two words ready to ask for someone. When using tolong the speaker expects something in return sila, but not. In the context, the deeper meaning quickly becomes clear. Here are two examples, each using the same verb:

• Sila duduk - Please sit down.
• Tolong duduk - Please sit down. (... they take my view! In the cinema or theater)
• Sila kembalikan buku itu - Please bring the book back. (in the library)
• Tolong kembalikan buku itu - Bring the book back to (me), please. (.. it's mine and I need it)

j

how dsch in German, e.g. jungle or job

k

essentially like that k in German, but there is a special case:

• At the beginning and middle of the word that becomes k spoken as just mentioned.
  • kertas (Paper) is spoken as: kertas
• That works at the end of the word k almost below and is barely audible.
  • budak (Child) is spoken as: buda
  • awak (You) is spoken as: awa

l

as the l in German e.g. in Life. When speaking, the tip of the tongue is slightly curled behind the upper teeth.

m

as the m in German e.g. in Malaysia.

n

as the n in German e.g. in emergency.

p

as the p in German e.g. in Timpani.

r

essentially like that r but in German as rolling r with vibrating tongue behind the upper teeth:

• In the middle of the word it becomes r as just mentioned and spoken very clearly.
  • kertas (Paper) is spoken as: kertas
  • the MA (Donation) is spoken as: the MA
• That works at the end of the word r as in German almost below and is barely audible.
  • pasir (Sand) is spoken as: pasi (r)
  • telur (Ei) is spoken as: telu (r)

Important things are made understandable even without knowledge of Malay

s

like that hard s in German, as in cash register.

t

as the t in German e.g. in Cup.

v

as the w in German. It is mainly found in loanwords.

• van (Delivery trucks)
• universiti (University)

w

as the w in English (spoken with a kissable mouth w)

x

The x is only found in loanwords and is spoken as in the original.

y

as the j in German e.g. in hunt

z

like the soft one s in German, as in vase.

Character combinations

Linguistic basics

This section gives a little insight into the linguistic basics. However, if you only need a few idioms and don't want to assemble your own sentences, you can safely skip this section. Some interesting and informative peculiarities of the Malay language can be found in the various info boxes of the article.

Personal pronouns

• I : (saya, acu) - With saya you can't really go wrong. It is the polite "I" which is also used when talking to unknown people. With friends and in familiar surroundings acu used. When speaking, it is often reduced to one ku.
• You : (awak, kamu, tight, anda) - It is similar with "you". Awak is the more formal choice here on uncharted territory. However, it is better to address higher-ranking employees by their title. You use it among friends kamu or tight. Again, there is a short form used in spoken Malay: chew bze. must. The anda corresponds to our "you". It is used when you don't address people personally. The word is used, for example, in operating instructions or on loudspeaker announcements on an airplane.
• He she it : (slide, ia) - In living beings will slide used.
• We : (daycare, kami)
• your : (kami)

Idioms

Basics

Common names

Some common designations found on signs

• open : buka
• closed : tutup
• Entrance : masuk
• Exit : keluar
• to press : tolak
• pull : tarik
• Toilet : tandas
• Men : Lelaki
• Women : Wanita
• dangerous : bahaya

The genders

As a rule, Malay does not have any gender-specific forms of words that are used to describe people or animals. In order to explicitly indicate the gender, the actual word is used for persons prempuan / lelaki (female / male) or in animals jantan / betina (female / male) followed by:
People:

• orange lelaki / orang perempuan - Man Woman
• murid lelaki / murid perempuan - Pupil
• pelayan lelaki / pelayan perempuan - Waitress

Animals:

• lembu jantan / lembu betina - bull / cow
• singa jantan / singa betina - lion / lioness
• ayam jantan / ayam betina - Rooster / hen

Exceptions:

• seniman / seniwati - Actor
• maharaja / maharani - Emperor
• putera / puteri - Prince / Princess
• biduan / biduanita - Singer
• ustaz / ustazah - Muslim teacher

Good day

(Selamat Pagi! or apa khabar?) Good Morning! or How are you are the most common forms when facing someone.

Hello. (informal)

(Hello! Or Hi!)

How are you?

(Apa khabar?) The phrase literally means something like: "How's the news?"

Good thank you.

(Khabar baik) As much as: "The news is good."

What's your name?

(Siapa nama awak?)

My name is ______ .

(Saya nama adalah _______) or (Nama saya _______)

Nice to meet you.

(Seronok berjumpa dengan kamu.)

Thank you / thank you very much.

(Terima kasih. / Terima kasih banyak-banyak.)

Here you go.

(Sama sama!) In the sense of "You're welcome!" Or "You're welcome!"

Yes.

(Ya.)

No.

(Tidak.)

Sorry.

(Maaf.)

Goodbye!

(Selamat tinggal)

Bye (informal)

(Jumpa Lagi)

Classifiers

The consistent use of classifiers (Penjodoh Bilangan). In German one says “three pieces of cake” but only “five trees” or “three women”. Malay has several such words in store for us. Here are the most important:

• Orang (human) - This is used to count people.
  • tiga orang polis - three policemen; enam orang tukang masak - six cooks
• Ecor (tail) - This word is used to count animals.
  • sepuluh ekor itik - 10 ducks; tiga ekor ikan - three fish
• Batang (pole) - This word is used to count elongated objects.
  • dua batang pen - two pens; tiga puluh batang rokok - 30 cigarettes
• Buah (fruit) - This word is used to count large spacious objects such as countries, islands, rivers, furniture, books, and computers.
  • sebuah pulau - An island; tiga buah rumah - three houses; enam buah kapal loud - six steamers
• Biji (Seeds) - This word is used to count small round objects like cups, eggs and fruits.
  • lima biji kelapa - five coconuts; dua belas biji telur - 12 eggs
• Keping (disc) - This word is used to count flat objects such as paper and slices of cheese.
  • sekeping kertas - 1 sheet of paper
• Helai (piece, leaf) - This word is used to count larger flat objects. So for fabric, grass, leaves and paper, but also hair.
  • sembilan helai rambut 9 hairs

The number is a specialty 1 dar. Here will not satu is used, but the classifier is given the prefix se-.

I do not speak __ .

(Saya tidak pandai cakap __.) Malay: melayu

Do you speak German / English?

(Kamu boleh bercakap Jerman / English?)

Does anyone here speak German?

(Ada tak sesiapa yang pandai bercakap Jerman)

Help!

(Tolong!)

Attention!

(Hati-Hati!)

Good Morning.

(Selamat Pagi)

Good night. / Sleep well.

(Selamat tidur.Literally: "Sleep well."

I do not understand that.

(Saya tidak faham )

Where is the toilet?

(Di mana tanda?)

Problems

Leave me in peace.

(Jangan ganggu saya.)

Do not touch me!

(Jangan pegang saya!)

I'm calling the police.

(Saya akan panggil polis.)

Police!

(Polis!)

Stop the thief!

(Berhenti! Pencuri!) Stop! Thief!

I need help.

(Saya perlukan bantuan.)

This is an emergency.

(Ini kecemasan.)

I'm lost.

(Saya tersesat.)

I lost my bag.

(Saya kehilangan beg saya.)

I lost my wallet.

(Saya kehilangan dompet saya.)

I'm sick.

(Saya sakit.)

I'm injured.

(Saya terluka.)

I need a doctor.

(Saya perlu jumpa doctor.)

Can I use your telephone?

(Boleh saya gunakan phone awak?)

numbers

time

now

(sekarang)

later

(nanti)

before

(sebelum)

after that

(selepas)

today

(hari ini)

yesterday

(semalam) in West Malaysia, (kelmarin) in East Malaysia (Sarawak, Sabah, Labuan)

tomorrow

(it is okay)

day after tomorrow

(losa)

this week

(mingu ini)

last week

(mingu lepas)

next week

(mingu depan)

Time

an hour

(pukul satu)

two o'clock

(pukul dua)

Quarter past eight / quarter nine (08:15)

(pukul lapan suku)

A quarter to five / three quarters to five (04:45)

(pukul empat tiga suku)

Half past eight (07:30)

(pukul tujuh setengah)

03:10

(pukul tiga sepuluh) - 10 (minutes) past three

06:25

(pukul enam dua puluh lima minit) - 25 (minutes) past six

08:52

(lagi lapan minit pukul sembilan) - 8 (minutes) to nine

Duration

_____ minute (s)

(_____ minit)

_____ hour (s)

(_____ jam)

_____ day (s)

(_____ hari)

_____ week (s)

(_____ minggu)

_____ month (s)

(_____ bulan)

_____ year (s)

(_____ tahu)

Days

The name of the day is also the Malay word for Day (hari) prefixed. This also applies to days of special importance.

Sunday

(hari ahad)

Monday

(hari isnin)

Tuesday

(hari selasa)

Wednesday

(hari rabu)

Thursday

(hari khamis)

Friday

(hari Jumaat)

Saturday

(hari sabu)

Months

Notation for date and time

In Malay, the spelling of the date usually starts with the day, followed by the month and year. The abbreviation goes straight to the day hb hanged. She means haribulan (Day of the month). E.g.:

• 31hb Ogos, 2008 - 11hb Disember, 2010

Colours

traffic

bus and train

The monorail in Kuala Lumpur

Line _____ (Train, bus, etc.)

(laluan)

How much does a ticket to _____ cost?

(Berapa harga tiket ke _____? )

A ticket to _____, please.

(Tolong, satu tiket ke _____. )

Where is this train / bus going?

( Tren / bas ini ke mana? )

Where is the train / bus to _____?

(Di mana tren / bas ke _____? )

Does this train / bus stop in _____?

(Adakah tren / bas ini berhenti di _____? )

When does the train / bus to_____ leave?

(Bilakah tren / bas ke _____ berangkat? )

When does this train / bus arrive in _____?

(Bilakah tren / bas ini sampai di _____? )

direction

Bagaimanakah saya pergi ke lapangan terbang?

How do I get ... ?

(Bagaimanakah saya pergi ke _____?)

...to the train station?

(... stesen kereta api?)

...to the bus stop?

(... terminal / stesen bas?)

...to the airport?

(... lapangan terbang?)

... to the city center?

(... kota?)

... to the youth hostel?

()

...to the hotel?

(... hotel _____ ?)

... to the German / Austrian / Swiss embassy / consulate?

(... Kedutaan / Consulate Jerman / Austria / Swis?)

Where are there many ...

(Di mana ada banyak ... )

... hotels?

(hotel?)

... restaurants?

(restoran?)

... bars?

(bar?)

...Tourist Attractions?

( tempat-tempat menarik?)

Could you show me that on the map?

(Bolehkah anda tunjukkan di peta?)

road

(jalan)

Turn left.

( Belok kiri.)

Turn right.

(Belok kanan.)

The Cardinal points
barat loud	utara	timur loud
barat		timur
barat daya	selatan	tenggara

Left

(kiri)

right

(kanan)

straight

(lurus)

to follow the _____

(menuju _____ )

after_____

(melepasi _____ )

before the _____

(sebelum _____ )

Look for _____.

(Perhatikan _____. )

above

(di atas)

below

(di bawah)

taxi

Taxi!

(Teksi!)

Please drive me to _____.

(Boleh bawa saya ke _____.)

How much does a trip to _____ cost?

(Berapa harganya ke _____?)

Please take me there.

(Tolong hantar saya ke sana. )

accommodation

A kind of nasi lemak. Inexpensive, clear, hot and with a fish flavor. This is how you eat in Malaysia

Do you have a free room?

(Ada bilik kosong? )

How much does a room cost for one / two people?

(Berapa harga bilik untuk satu / dua orang?)

Does the room ...

(Adakah ini termasuk ... )

...a toilet?

(... tandas?)

...a bath?

(... bilik mandi?)

...a telephone?

(... phone?)

... a TV?

(... TV?) TV is pronounced in English (tiwie)

Can I see the room first?

(Boleh lihat biliknya dulu?)

Do you have something quieter?

(Ada yang lebih sunyi? )

Do you have something ...

(Adakah kamu ada bilik yang ... )

... bigger?

(... lebih besar?)

... clean?

(... lebih bersih?)

... cheaper?

(... lebih murah?)

Ok I'll take it.

(Baik saya mahu.)

I want to stay _____ night (s).

(Saya akan tinggal untuk _____ malam.)

Can you recommend another hotel?

(Boleh Cadangkan Hotel lain?)

Do you have a safe?

(Anda ada peti besi?)

...Lockers?

(Anda ada peti berkunci?)

Is breakfast / dinner included?

(Sudah termasuk sarapan / makan malam?)

What time is breakfast / dinner?

(Pukul berapa sarapan / makan malam?)

Please clean my room.

(Tolong bersihkan bilik saya.)

Can you wake me up at _____?

(Boleh tolong bangunkan saya pada pukul _____?)

I want to sign out.

(Saya hendak check out.)

money

Do you accept Euros / US Dollars?

(Anda menerima euro / dolar america)

Do you accept Swiss Francs?

()

Do you accept credit cards?

(Anda menerima kad credit?)

Can you change money for me?

(Boleh tolong tukar wang?)

Where can I change money?

(Di mana saya boleh tukar wang?)

Can you change traveller's checks for me?

(Boleh tolong tukar cek kembara saya?)

Where can I change traveler checks?

(Di mana saya boleh tukar traveler's check?)

What is the rate?

(Di mana saya boleh tukar traveler's check?)

Where is there an ATM?

( Di mana ada ATM?)

eat

A typical food stall and a good place for the first "try" in Malay

A table for one / two people, please.

(Tolong, satu meja untuk satu / dua orang.)

Could I have the menu?

(Bolehkah saya lihat menu?)

Can i see the kitchen

()

Is there a house specialty?

(Ada makanan istimewa di sini?)

Is there a local specialty?

(Ada makanan istimewa di sini?)

I'm vegetarian.

(Saya seorang vegetarian.)

I do not eat pork.

(Saya tidak makan daging khinzir.)

I don't eat beef.

(Saya tidak makan daging lembu.)

I only eat kosher food.

( Saya hanya makan makanan kosher)

Can you cook it low fat?

(Boleh tolong kurangkan minyak / mentega?)

I am allergic to _____.

(Saya alah kepada ________.)

Menu of the day

(menu hari)

à la carte

()

breakfast

(sarapan)

Having lunch

(makan tengah hari)

with coffee (in the afternoon)

()

Dinner

(makan malam)

I would like _____.

(Saya mahu _____. )

I want table service _____.

()

What did you mean by chicken again? Show it in a pinch or just operate it yourself

chicken

(ayam)

Beef

(daging lembu)

fish

(ikan)

ham

(ham)

sausage

(sosej)

cheese

(keju)

Eggs

(telur)

salad

(salad)

(fresh vegetables

(sayuran)

(fresh fruits

(buah-buahan)

loaf

(roti)

toast

(roti bakar)

Pasta

(mee) spoken: mie

rice

(nasi)

Beans

(kekacang)

Could I have a glass of _____?

(Saya ingin satu gelas _____.)

Could I have a cup of _____?

(Saya ingin satu cawan_____.)

Could I have a bottle of _____?

(Saya ingin satu botol _____.)

coffee

(copy)

tea

(teh)

juice

(jus)

Mineral water

( air mineral)

water

(air)

beer

(bir / arak)

Red wine / white wine

(wain merah / putih)

Could I have some _____?

(Saya ingin _____?)

salt

(garam)

pepper

(lada sulah)

Black pepper

(lada hitam )

sugar

(gula)

butter

(mentega)

Sorry waiter? (Get the waiter's attention)

(Encik!) to a man, (Cik!) to a woman, (Bang!) to a young man, (Kak!) to a young woman, (Mek!) to a young woman in Kelantan and Terengganu

I'm done.

(Saya sudah selesai.)

It was great.

(Tadi sedap rasanya.)

It is / was to ...

(Terlalu ...)

...bitter.

(... pahit.)

...sharp.

(... pedas.)

Please clear the table.

(Tolong bersihkan meja!)

The Bill please.

(Kira!) Colloquial. In German: Counting! - (Boleh saya dapatkan bilnya sekarang?) Formal.

Bars

Get ready to be drunk - if you want to make it before midnight, you can also order the cocktail in the youth hostel

Do you serve alcohol?

(Anda juga menyajikan alcohol?)

Is there a table service?

()

One beer / two beers please

(Tolong, berikan satu / dua bir.)

A glass of red / white wine, please.

(Tolong, berikan satu gelas wain merah / putih.)

One glass, please.

( Tolong, berikan satu gelas.)

A bottle, please.

(Tolong, berikan satu botol.)

whiskey

(wiski)

vodka

(vodka)

rum

(rum)

water

(air)

soda

(club soda)

Tonic water

(tonic water)

orange juice

(jus oren)

Coke

(Coke, Coca Cola)

Do you have any snacks?

(Ada makanan ringan?)

One more, please.

()

Another round please.

()

When do you close?

(Pukul berapa tutup?)

shop

Do you have this my size?

(Ada tak saiz saya?)

How much is it?

(Berapa itu?)

This is too expensive.

( Terlalu mahal.)

Do you want to take _____?

(Adakah anda menerima _____?)

(too) expensive

((terlalu) mahal)

cheap

( murah)

I can not afford that.

(Saya tidak mampu beli itu.)

Can you do it cheaper?

(Boleh kurangkan harganya?)

This is such a rip off!

(Cekik darah!)

The quality is bad.

(Kualitinya tidak bagus.)

I do not want it.

(tak mahu) colloquial, (Saya tidak mahu) formal

You are cheating on me.

(Kamu tipu saya.)

I am not interested in it

(Tak ingin!) colloquial, (Saya tidak berminat.) formal

Ok I'll take it.

(OK, saya mahu.)

Can i have a bag

(Ada beg plastic?)

Do you have oversizes?

()

I need...

(Saya perlukan ...)

...Toothpaste.

(... ubat gigi.)

...a toothbrush.

(... berus gigi.)

... condoms.

(...condom.)

... tampons.

(... softeks / pembalut.)

...Soap.

(... sabun.)

...Shampoo.

(... syampu.)

...Painkiller.

(... ubat sakit (aspirin, parasetamol ...))

...Laxative.

()

... something against diarrhea.

()

... a razor.

()

...an umbrella.

(... payment.)

...Suncream.

()

...a postcard.

(... poskad.)

... postage stamps.

(... setem.)

... batteries.

(... bateri)

... writing paper.

(... kertas.)

...a pen.

(... pen.)

... German books.

(... buku-buku Jerman.)

... German magazines.

(... majalah Jerman.)

... German newspapers.

(... surat khabar Jerman.)

... a German-X dictionary.

(... kamus Jerman-X. (Melayu ...))

Drive

Can I rent a car?

(Saya mahu sewa kereta.)

Can I get insurance?

(Boleh saya minta insurans?)

STOP

(berhenti)

one way street

(jalan sehala)

Give way

()

No parking

(dilarang meletak kereta)

Top speed

()

Gas station

(stesen minyak)

petrol

(petrol)

diesel

(diesel)

Authorities

I did nothing wrong.

(Saya tidak melakukan sebarang kesalahan.)

That was a misunderstanding.

(Ia satu salah faham.)

Where are you taking me

(Ke mana awak hendak bawa saya?)

Am i arrested?

(Adakah saya ditahan?)

I am a German / Austrian / Swiss citizen.

(Saya warganegara ...)

I want to speak to the German / Austrian / Swiss embassy.

(Saya ingin bercakap dengan Kedutaan ...)

I want to speak to the German / Austrian / Swiss consulate.

(Saya ingin bercakap dengan consulate ...)

I want to speak to a lawyer.

(Saya ingin bercakap dengan peguambela)

Can't I just pay a fine?

(Bolehkah saya membayar denda di sini?)

Additional information

literature

PhraseBooks and Textbooks:

• Martin Lutterjohann: Malay word for for word. Travel know-how, 2005 (5th edition), ISBN 3-89416-047-0 ; 160 pages (German). The little book of the gibberish series is very informative and fits in every hand luggage.
• Othman Sulaiman: Malay for Everyone. Subang Jaya: Pelanduk Publications, 2009 (15th edition), ISBN 978-967-978-322-3 ; 304 pages (English). - Textbook well suited for self-study. The Malay language is well explained using examples. It provides all the information you need to learn the language on your own. At RM 25.00 (approx. 5 euros) it is not even expensive - in Malaysia of course. If you want to get it in Germany, you have to dig deeper into your pocket.

Dictionaries:A usable German-Malay dictionary is currently not available on the German market. A dictionary published in Kuala Lumpur can be purchased online. The scope is quite small and obviously the content is also quite flawed. At the moment, therefore, one has to resort to Malay-English dictionaries.

• Kamus Jerman. Kuala Lumpur: Golden Books Center, 2005, ISBN 983-72-0003-0 ; 356 pages. Small German-Malay dictionary. Letters that did not exist in Malay (ä, ö, ü and ß) were added by hand before printing, which makes it seem a bit unprofessional.
• Joyce M. Hawkins (Ed.): Kamus Dwibahasa Bahasa Inggeris-Bahasa Malaysia. Shah Alam: Oxford Fajar, 2008, ISBN 978-983-450-434-2 ; 808 pages. - Good English-Malay / Malay-English dictionary with a small drawback. Since it was published in Malaysia, there is no English explanation in the case of multiple meanings in the direction of English-Malay.

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