Phrasebook Russian - Taalgids Russisch

Russian (русский язык; Russkij jazyk) is one of the largest languages ​​in the world and the largest language of culture in Europe. Russian belongs to the Indo-European language family. Within this language family, it belongs to the Slavic languages. Russian, together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, forms the East Slavic language group.

Spread of the Russian language.

Russian is the official language of the Russian Federation and one of the working languages ​​of the UN. In addition, Russian is co-official in Kazakhstan (next to Kazakh), Kyrgyzstan (next to Kyrgyz), Belarus (next to Belarusian) and in the unrecognized mini-state of Transnistria (next to Moldovan and Ukrainian). In addition to Russian, about a hundred other languages ​​are spoken in Russia, including Mordwian, Chechen, Tatar, Kyrgyz, Bashkir. These languages ​​are neither related to Russian nor to other Indo-European languages. In the Soviet Union, Russian was used as a lingua franca and in some former Soviet republics it still has that status, albeit to a lesser extent.

Grammar

Pronunciation

Russian uses the Cyrillic alphabet, as do countries like Bulgaria, Serbia and Ukraine. The Russian Cyrillic alphabet has 33 letters. Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Щ щ ъ ы ь Э э Ю ю Я я

Unlike Dutch or French, in Russian all letters are in principle pronounced, although the letters do have all kinds of different pronunciations. It is important here whether - the emphasis is on the letter - a letter is pronounced 'hard' or 'soft'. When you say a letter loudly, you say an 'h' after a consonant in your mind. If you say it softly, you say a 'y' after it. The well-known Russian word 'njet' is written as 'net', where the n is soft, because of the soft e. The stress is indicated by a dash on the vowel.

vowels

Vowels can be pronounced hard or soft. To recognize the vowels and the pronunciation, hard and soft are next to each other.

• А а / Я я - A or yes, The pronunciation of 'a' is similar to Dutch. so sometimes as 'a', sometimes as 'aa'. Я is pronounced 'yes'. If there is no stress on 'я', this letter is also pronounced as 'i'.
• Э э / Е ​​е - È or je. The pronunciation is similar to Dutch. If there is a soft vowel after an 'e', ​​the letter is pronounced as ee. This doesn't happen that often.
• О о / Ё ё - O or jò. The o is pronounced as such when it is stressed. The ë is always stressed. If the o is not stressed, the letter is pronounced a. Молокó, milk, is pronounced as malaakóó.
• У у / Ю ю - Oe or joe
• ы / И и - The sound of ы does not occur in Dutch, a short i, as in 'vis', is the closest. The и is pronounced 'ie', tending to 'jie'.

consonants

Consonants determine whether a vowel is pronounced as hard or soft. Consonants also have a hard and a soft pronunciation.

• Б б - B. The B can be pronounced hard (tendring to bra) and soft (bj).
• В в - V, at the end of a word tending to f. This letter can be pronounced hard (vh, more f) and soft (very neat v, vj).
• Г г - G, pronounced the German way. In some constructions (егодня, shevódnja, today) the г is pronounced as w
• Д д - D The D can be pronounced loudly (tending to dh) and softly (dj).
• ж - Zj. This letter appears soft, because of the 'j', but it is always hard. The Z is pronounced somewhat thick.
• Й й - J. Just like in Dutch. Where in Dutch there are endings like -ia, this is written in Russian as ija, so ийа
• К к - K. The K can be pronounced hard (kh) and soft (kj).
• Л л - L. The L can be pronounced hard or soft. It sounds loud like a thick L, which is often considered ugly in Dutch. The soft l is pronounced thin, like lj.
• М м - M. The M can be pronounced hard (M) and soft (mj).
• Н н - N. The N can be pronounced hard (N) and soft (nj).
• П п - P. The P can be pronounced hard (ph) and soft (pj).
• Р р - R. The R can be pronounced hard (R) and soft (rj).
• С с - S. The Russian S sounds slightly different from the Dutch one. The Dutch S sounds more like SJ, the Russian is more like a hissing S, in front of the teeth. The s can be pronounced hard or soft. The soft s sounds like a thin sj.
• Т т - T. The T can be pronounced hard (Th) and soft (Tj).
• Ф ф - F. The F can be pronounced hard (Fh, in the mouth) and soft (fj).
• Х х - Ch, as in ach.
• ц - Ts. This letter is always hard.
• Ч ч - Ch. This letter is always soft.
• ш - Sj. this letter is also always hard. This letter is more like the Dutch S, but with a j after it.
• Щ щ - Shch. This letter is always soft. Also pronounced as a long ssj.

Hardening - softening

Russian also has two characters that do not sound themselves, but do influence the letters around them.ь - softening sign. This sign makes the consonant before it 'soft', even if the vowel after it is 'hard'. And if there is no letter after this character, then it is pronounced as a very weak 'j'. Пермь is then pronounced Pjérmj, and that 'j' is audible. Without this sign, the pronunciation was more like Dutch: PjerM.ъ - hardeningteken. This sign is rare, but makes the consonant 'hard' before a soft vowel. It puts the emphasis on it. Татъяня is pronounced TaTJAna, rather than Tátjina as it would sound if it weren't for that hardening sign.

Dictionary

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basic words

Good day. (formal)

Zdráwstwoejtje. (авствуйте)

Hey. (informal)

Private jet. (ивет)

How are you?

kk dela? (ак ела?)

Good thank you.

Grasjo, spaciba (орошо, асибо)

What is your name?

Kak vas zawoet?.... (ак Вас зовут ?)

My name is ______.

Mjenja zawoet... (еня овут .....)

Nice to meet you.

Chenj priatno. (ень иятно)

Please.

Pazjálsta. (ожалуйста)

Thank you.

Spaciba. (асибо )

Do not mention it.

Pazjálsta . (ожалуйста)

Yes.

yes. (а )

New.

no. (ет )

Excuse me.

Izvinjítje . (ините )

Sorry. (formal)

prostitute . (остите)

Sorry. (informal)

prosti . (ости)

Bye.

Da swidánja . (о идания)

I don't speak ______.

Yes nje gawarjoe dad ..... . (не оворю .... )

Do you speak Dutch?

Vy gawarjítje pa-galandski? . (оворите о-голландски?)

Does anyone here speak Dutch?

Kto gawariet pa-galandski? . (о оворит по-голландски?)

Help!

Pamagie!/Karaoel! (омогите! / араул!)

Good morning.

Dobraje oetra. (оброе о)

good evening.

Dobryj Wytser. (обрый ечер)

Good night.

Spakojnaj notch. (окойной очи)

I do not understand.

Yes no panimajoe. (не онимаю)

Where is the toilet?

Gdje tualjet? (е алет ?)

When problems occur

A dash has been added to the somewhat longer words for readability. This dash is on the border of two syllables.

Leave me alone.

Astávjtje mjenjá v pakóje. (оставьте еня в окое)

Do not touch me!

Nje trógajtje menja! (е огайте еня!!)

I'm calling the police.

Yes pazwanjóe v palítsijóe . (озвоню олицию)

Law enforcement!

Palitsiya! (олиция!)

Stop! Thief!

Ostanovish! For! (ановись! ор!)

I need your help.

Mnje nuzná vásja pomastsj . (е а аша омощь)

It's an emergency.

Èto sróchna . (о очно)

I am lost.

Yes zabloe-diélsja. (аблудился)

I lost my bag.

Yes, paterjál svajoé soemkoe. (отерял ою)

I lost my wallet.

Yes, paterjál svoj boomazniek. (отерял свой бумажник)

I am ill.

Yes bóljen . (олен)

I'm hurt.

Yes ranen. (нанен)

I need a doctor.

My noezjen vratsj. (е ен врач)

Can I use your phone?

Magóe lie ja vaspólj-zawatsa vásjiem tjelje-fónom? (огу ли я воспользоваться вашим телефоном?)

Numbers

Russian nouns have a dual form, used with 2, 3, and 4, in addition to singular and plural. Singular quantities and all quantities ending in 1 (21, 301, etc.) are in nominative singular form: одна минута, двадцать один час. Quantities 2–4 are in the genitive singular form: две минуты, три минуты, четыре минуты. Quantities above four are in genitive plural form: пять минут, одиннадцать минут, тринадцать минут, etc.

1

a-DIN оинm, ad-NA (оа) v, ad NO (оо) O (when counting can also be used raz (раз))

2

dva аmn, dvje (е) v

3

tri и

4

tchi-TI-rje етыре

5

pjat' пять

6

shjesht' есть

7

shem' емь

8

VO-sim' осемь

9

DJE-fat' евять

10

DJE set' есять

11

a-DIN-wet-sat' одиннадцать

12

dvi-NAD-sat' енадцать

13

tri-NAD-sat' инадцать

14

tchi-TIR-nad-sat' етырнадцать

15

pit-NAD-sat' адцать

16

shjist-NAD-sat' естнадцать

17

syem-NAD-sat' емнадцать

18

vo-syem-NAD-sat' осемнадцать

19

dje-vet-NAD-sat' евятнадцать

20

DVAT-sat' адцать

21

DVAT-sat' a-DIN (адцать один)

22

DVAT-sat' dva (адцать а)

23

DVAT-sat' tri (адцать и)

30

trit-sat' идцать

40

SO-rak орок

50

pji-di-SYAT есят

60

shyes-di-SYAT естьдесят

70

SYEM'-di-syet емьдесят

80

VOH-syem-di-syet' осемьдесят

90

di-vi-NO-sta евяносто

100

sto о

150

pal-ta-ras-ta олтораста

200

DVYE-sti ести

300

tri-sta иста

400

tchi-TIR-i-sta етыреста

500

от(pyet-SOT)

1000

Teui-si-tcha а

2000

dvye Teui-si-tcha (е и)

5000

pjat' Teui-sitch (пять тысяч)

1,000,000

mill-li-ON (иллион)

1,000,000,000

mil-li-ART (иллиард)

Number _____ (train, bus, etc.)

омер _____ (NO-mer)

half

pa-la-VI-na (оловина)

less

MYEN'-she (еньше)

more

BOL'-she (ольше)

Time

now

(ейча́с)

later

(ото́м, о́зже)

for

(е́ред)

morning

(о, ом)

afternoon

(ень, днём)

evening

(е́чер, е́чером)

night

(очь, о́чью)

Clock

One o'clock in the morning

(ас о́чи)

two o'clock in the morning

(а аса́ очи)

Twelve o'clock in the afternoon

(ена́дцать часов)

One o'clock in the afternoon

(ас)

Two o'clock PM

(а аса́)

Midnight

(ена́дцать часо́в о́чи)

Expensive

ееn minute

(одна инута)

two/three/four minutes

(е/три/четыре инуты)

five minutes

(инут)

an hour

(один ас)

two/three/four hours

(а/три/четыре аса)

five hours

(асов)

one day

(один ень)

a week

(одна еделя)

one month

(оин есяц)

a year

(один од)

four/five and more years

(етыре/пять ет)

To dawn

Today

(егодня)

yesterday

(ера)

tomorrow

(автра)

this week

(а еделя; а ой еделе)

last week

(ошлая еделя; а ошлой еделе)

next week

(едующая еделя; а едующей еделе)

Monday

(онедельник)

Tuesday

(орник)

Wednesday

(еда)

Thursday

(етверг)

Friday

(ица)

Saturday

(ота)

Sunday

(оскресенье)

Months

January

(арь)

February

(евраль)

March

(арт)

April

(ель)

May

(ай)

June

(Июнь )

July

(Июль )

August

(Август )

September

(ентябрь )

October

(Октябрь )

November

(оябрь )

December

(екабрь )

To colour

black

tsjornyi (чёрный)

white

(елый)

gray

(ерый)

red

(асный)

blue

(иний, олубой)

yellow

(жёлтый)

green

(елёный)

Orange

(оанжевый)

Violet

(иолетовый)

brown

(оричневый)

Transport

Train and bus

How much does a ticket to _____ cost?

? (олько оит билет о ...?)

A ticket to _____, please.

. (ин билет до ..., пожалуйста.)

Where does this train/bus go?

? (а идёт этот поезд/автобус?)

Where is the train/bus to _____?

? (е можно есть на поезд/автобус до ...?)

Does this train/bus stop in _____?

? (от поезд/автобус останавливается ...?)

When does the train/bus leave for_____ ?

? (огда отправляется поезд/автобус о ...?)

When does the train/bus arrive in _____?

? (огда поезд/автобус прибывает ...?)

Directions

How do I get to _____ ?

? ()

...the station?

? ()

...the bus stop?

? ()

...the airport?

? ()

...the city center?

? ()

...the youth hostel?

? ()

...the hotel?

? ()

...the Dutch/Belgian/Surinamese consulate?

? ()

Where are there many...

()

...hotels?

? ()

...restaurants?

? ()

...cafes?

? ()

...sights?

? ()

Can you mark it on the map?

? ()

street

()

Turn left.

. ()

Turn right.

. ()

left

()

right

()

straight ahead

()

towards _____

()

beyond the _____

()

for the _____

()

Note the _____.

. ()

intersection

()

north

(евер)

South

(юг)

east

(осток)

west

(апад)

uphill

(ерх)

downhill

(из)

Cab

Cab!

! (акси!)

Take me to _____, please.

. (о ... / в ... / на ..., ожалуйста.)

How much does it cost to drive to _____?

? (олько оит проезд о ...?)

Take me there, please.

. ()

To sleep

Do you still have rooms available?

? (Есть ещё свободные омера?)

How much is a room for one person/two people?

? (Сколько стоит номер для одного/двух человек?)

Does the room have...

(и омере ...)

...sheets?

? (остельное ельё?)

...a toilet?

? (алет?)

...a bathroom?

? (анна?)

...a phone?

? (елефон?)

...a television?

? (елевизор?)

Can I see the room first?

? ()

Don't you have anything calmer?

? ()

...taller?

? ()

...cleaner?

? ()

...cheaper?

? ()

Okay, I'll take it.

. ()

I stay _____ night(s).

. ()

Can you recommend me another hotel?

? ()

Do you have a safe? (for valuable possessions)

? ()

...lockers? (for clothes)

? ()

Is breakfast/dinner included?

? ()

What time is breakfast/dinner?

? ()

Would you like to clean my room?

? ()

Can you wake me up at _____?

? ()

I want to check out.

. ()

Money

Can I pay with US dollars?

(Могу я заплатить американскими долларами?)

Can I pay with British Pounds?

(огу я заплатить фунтами стерлингов?)

Can I pay with euros?

(огу я заплатить в евро?)

Can I pay with a creditcard?

? (огу я заплатить кредитной картой?)

Can you change money for me?

? ()

Where can I exchange money?

? (е я огу поменять валюту?)

Can I exchange traveler's checks here?

? ()

Where can I redeem traveler's cheques?

()

What is the exchange rate?

? ()

Where is there an ATM?

? (е есь банкомат?)

Food

A table for one person/two people, please.

. (олик для одного/двух человек, пожалуйста.)

May I see the menu?

. (огу посмотреть еню?)

Can I take a look in the kitchen?

. (огу я заглянуть на ?)

Is there a house specialty?

? (а чём вы специализируетесь?)

Is there a regional dish?

? (о естное о?)

I am vegetarian.

. (егетарианец.)

I do not eat pork.

. (не ем свинину.)

I don't eat beef.

. (не ем говядину.)

I only eat kosher.

. (ем только кошерную пищу.)

Can you make that with less oil/butter/fat, please?

? (ожно положить поменьше масла/жира, пожалуйста?)

fixed menu

(омплексный обед)

à la carte

(а-ля арт)

breakfast

(автрак)

lunch

(оед)

afternoon tea (meal)

(олдник)

supper

(ин)

I would like _____.

. (отел ...)

I would like a dish with _____.

(отел о из ...)

chicken

(ица/цыплёнок)

beef

(овядина)

fish

(а)

ham

(етчина)

sausage

(олбаса)

cheese

(сыр)

Eggs

(а)

salad

(алат)

(fresh vegetables

((свежие) овощи)

(fresh fruit

((свежие))

bread

(еб)

toast

(осты)

noodles

(акароны)

rice

(ис)

beans

(обы (горох, фасоль, ...))

Can I have a glass of _____?

? (ожно акан ...?)

Can I have a cup of _____?

? (ожно ашечку ...?)

Can I have a bottle of _____?

? (ожно ...?)

coffee

(офе)

tea

(ая)

juice

(ока)

sparkling water

(азированной воды / газировки)

mineral water

(инеральной оды / инералки)

beer

(ива)

red/white wine

(асного/белого ина)

Can I have some _____?

? (ожно ...?)

salt

(оли)

black pepper

(ого ерца)

butter

(ивочного асла)

Waiter!

! (ициант!)

I'm ready.

. (акончил.)

It was delicious.

. (о евосходно.)

Can you clear the plates?

? (ожно ести тарелки?)

The bill please.

. (инесите , пожалуйста.)

Going out

Do you serve alcohol?

? (Вы одаёте алкоголь?)

Is there table service?

? ()

One beer/two beers, please.

. ()

A glass of red/white wine, please.

. ()

A vase, please

. ()

A bottle, please.

. ()

_____ (liquor) of _____ (added drink), Please.

. ()

whiskey

()

vodka

()

rum

()

water

()

soda water

()

tonic

()

orange juice

()

coke

()

Do you have snacks?

? ()

One more, please.

. ()

One more round, please.

. ( ')

When do you close?

? ()

Cheers!

! ()

Shop

Do you have this in my size?

? (вас есть это моего размера?)

How much does that cost?

? (олько о оит?)

That's too expensive.

. (о ишком орого)

Want to sell it for _____?

? (ите е о за ...?)

expensive

(орого)

cheap

(ево)

I can't afford that.

. (не огу ебе о озволить.)

I do not want it.

. (не очу о.)

You are deceiving me.

. (меня обманываете.)

I am not interested.

. (е о е интересно.)

Okay, I'll take it.

. (орошо, беру.)

Can I have a bag?

? (ожно акет?)

Do you deliver (overseas)?

()

I would like...

. (отел ...)

...toothpaste.

. (а)

...a toothbrush.

. (зубную щётку)

...tampons.

. (ампон)

...soap.

. (о)

...shampoo.

. (ампуть)

...a painkiller.

. (олеутоляющее)

...a remedy for the common cold.

(едство от остуды)

...stomach tablets.

... (едство от изжоги)

... razor blades

. (езвия итвы)

...an umbrella.

. (онтик)

...sunscreen.

. (ем от солнца / крем от загара)

...a postcard.

. (о)

...stamps.

. (арку)

...batteries.

. (атарейки)

...writing paper.

. (агу исьма)

...a pen.

. (ручку)

...Dutch books.

. (иги а олландском е)

...Dutch magazines.

. (алы на голландском е)

...a Dutch-language newspaper.

. (азету а олландском е)

...a Dutch-Russian dictionary.

. (олладнско-русский словарь)

To drive

I want to rent a car.

. (Я хотел бы арендовать автомобиль.)

Can I have it insured?

? (огу я его астраховать?)

Stop

(остановка)

one way street

(одностороннее ижение)

give priority

(ить орогу)

parking ban

(оянка апрещена)

speed limit

(ограничение орости)

gas station

(аправка)

gasoline

(ензин)

diesel

(изель)

authorities

I haven't done anything wrong.

. (не сделал ничего охого.)

It was a misunderstanding.

. (о едоразумение)

Where are you taking me?

? (а Вы еня ведёте/везёте?)

Am I arrested?

? (Я арестован?)

I am a Dutch/Belgian/Surinamese citizen.

(гражданин Нидерландов/Бельгии/Суринама.)

I want to talk to the Dutch/Belgian/Surinamese embassy/consulate.

(хочу позвонить в посольство/консульство Нидерландов/Бельгии/Суринама.)

I want to speak with a lawyer.

(хочу позвонить адвокату.)

Can't I just pay a fine now?

(огу я просто заплатить штраф сейчас?)