Sri Lanka - 斯里兰卡

Sri Lanka（Tamil: இலங்கை சனநாயக சோஷலிசக் குடியரசு), the old nameCeylon(Before 1972), it is an island country located off the southeast of the Indian subcontinent in southern Asia. In ancient China, it was once called Already Chengbu, Lion Kingdom, Shizi Kingdom, Sinhala, and Langa Island.

Sri Lanka is a unitary republic with its capital inColombo。

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history

The Sinhalese migrated from India to Sri Lanka in the 5th century BC. In 247 BC, King Ashoka of India’s Maurya Dynasty sent his son to the island. Since then, the Sinhalese abandoned Brahmanism and converted to Buddhism. Around 311, the tooth of the Buddha was introduced to Sri Lanka from India. Around the 2nd century BC, Tamils ​​from South India also began to move in. From the 5th century to the 16th century, the kingdoms of Sinhala and Tamil continued to fight until 1521 when the Portuguese fleet landed near Colombo. On May 12, 1656, the Dutch army captured Colombo. The British occupation of Colombo on February 15, 1796, the Dutch rule ended. In 1802, Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens, and Sri Lanka was officially declared as a British colony. On February 4, 1948, Sri Lanka officially declared its independence and became the dominion of the Commonwealth of Nations. The country was named Ceylon. On May 22, 1972, the country was renamed the Republic of Sri Lanka. The new constitution was promulgated on August 16, 1978, and the country was renamed the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.

In the 1830s, the British moved a large number of Tamils ​​from southern India to Sri Lanka, and supported them to occupy a dominant position in all aspects, thus making grievances with the local Sinhalese, the main ethnic group. After Sri Lanka became independent, the Tamils ​​established the LTTE in 1972 (renamed "Tamil-Eelam Liberation Tigers" in 1976), and embarked on the road of "independent nation-building". In 1983, the LTTE went to war with the Sri Lankan government, and the war once spread to Colombo. In 1987, India sent troops to assist the Sri Lankan government to eliminate the LTTE, forcing it to sign a ceasefire agreement. After the Indian army withdrew in 1990, the LTTE re-attacked and quickly controlled the vast areas of the north, and established the "Tamil Regime" on the Jaffna Peninsula. Since then, the two sides have continued to war, and more than 60,000 people have been killed. With the mediation of Norway and other countries, the two sides began peace talks in 2000. In February 2002, the LTTE and the Sri Lankan government signed a permanent ceasefire agreement in Stockholm. The ban has made it a legal organization. From September 16th to 18th of the same year, the Sri Lankan government and the LTTE held their first peace talks at the Sattahip Naval Base in Chonburi Province in southeastern Thailand. In the past six years, although the two sides have conducted eight rounds of direct negotiations, armed conflicts between them have continued, and the ceasefire agreement has existed in name only.

Beginning in July 2006, the government began to launch a large-scale military offensive against the LTTE-controlled area, regaining approximately 15,000 square kilometers of the LTTE-controlled area in more than two years. In March 2008, the Sri Lankan government charged Prabakalan, the leader of the LTTE, with murder. On January 2, 2009, Sri Lankan President Rajapaksa announced that government forces had captured Kilinoch, the base camp of the rebel LTTE that day. On January 7, the Sri Lankan government decided to re-ban the activities of the LTTE, which shows that the Sri Lankan government no longer regards the LTTE as its negotiating opponent despite the continuous military victories of the government. On January 25, government forces invaded the last major town controlled by the LTTE-Mouletivu in the northeast. On February 5, the government forces captured the last naval base of the LTTE. In early April, government forces captured Pudukudiyrup, the last major stronghold of the LTTE in the northern region, and some LTTE members moved to the "safe area" of about 20 square kilometers in the Mulettivu area of ​​northern Sri Lanka. . On April 20th, the Sri Lankan government forces invaded the "safe area" last guarded by the LTTE. On the 26th, the Sri Lankan government rejected the LTTE’s unilateral ceasefire statement that day.

On May 15th, Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa announced that all trapped civilians in the area controlled by the LTTE will be rescued within 48 hours and all territories controlled by the organization will be recovered. On May 16th, the Sri Lankan government forces regained the last stretch of coastline controlled by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a rebel force in Sri Lanka. On the same day, President Mahinda Rajapaksa said during his visit to Jordan that the Sri Lankan government forces had defeated the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). On May 17, the LTTE admitted that it had failed in a 25-year war with the government army and announced that it would lay down its weapons and end the battle with the government army. The Sri Lankan government said that it could not believe the LTTE’s statement of "laying down its weapons" and that government forces would continue to attack the last jungle controlled by the LTTE in order to regain "every inch of land." On May 18, after the Sri Lankan government forces killed Prabakalan, the supreme leader of the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam in the Muletivu district, the Sri Lankan civil war was declared over.

geography

The island of Sri Lanka is pear-shaped. In the Indian Ocean, the northeast is the Bay of Bengal; the central and southern parts are plateaus and mountainous, and the north and the coast are plains; there is Adam's Peak.

The northern part of Sri Lanka has a tropical grassland climate, and the southern part has a tropical rainforest climate, which is hot throughout the year; the western part has an annual rainfall of 2000-3000 mm, and the northeast is drier, with an annual rainfall of about 1000 mm.

area

Sri Lanka officially divides the country into nine administrative regions as follows:

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arrival

Holders of Singapore passports can enter Sri Lanka visa-free for a stay of up to 30 days.

Holders of People’s Republic of China passport, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport, Macau Special Administrative Region passport, Republic of China passport, British National (Overseas) passport, Portuguese passport or Malaysian passport can apply for an e-visa at a cost of 35 US dollars and can enter twice. Each stay is up to 30 days.

Holders of Maldivian passports can enter Sri Lanka visa-free for up to 30 days, while holders of Seychelles passports can enter Sri Lanka visa-free for up to 60 days.

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Languages ​​are English, Sinhala, and Tamil.

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