Saudi Arabia - Ả Rập Saudi

300px|thumbnail|right|Business district in RiyadhKingdom of Saudi Arabia (Arabic: المملكة العربية السعودية; Vietnamese: Saudi Arabic, Sino-Vietnamese transliteration: Sac A La Ba), is the largest country on the Arabian peninsula. This country has a border with Jordan to the north, with Iraq to the north and northwest, with Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and United Arab Emirates to the east, with Oman to the south and southeast, with Yemen to the south, the Persian Gulf to the northeast and the Red Sea to the west. Saudi Arabia is often called the "land of two sacred mosques" because of Islam's two holiest cities, Mecca and Medina, located in this country.

overview

History

Saudi Arabia is considered the cradle of Islam appearing in the early 7th century. This country has 2 holy places of Islam, Mecca and Medina. In the 16th century, Turkey occupied Saudi Arabia. The state of Saudi Arabia began in central Arabia from about 1750. A king who ruled in the region, Muhammad bin Saud, allied himself with an Islamic reformer. as Muhammad Abd Al-Wahhab, to create a new political entity. Over the next hundred and fifty years, the Saud family's wealth grew larger and larger, and many times they fought with Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, and other Arab families for control. control of the peninsula. Modern Saudi Arabia was founded by the later King Abdul Aziz Al-Saud (known in the international arena as Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud). In 1902 Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud captured Riad, the former capital. of the Al-Saud dynasty from the rival Al-Rashid family. Continuing his conquests, Abdul Aziz defeated Al-Ahsa, Al-Qatif, the rest of Najd, and Hijaz between 1913 and 1926. On January 8, 1926 Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud became king of Hijaz. On January 29, 1927 he took the title King of Najd (his previous title was Sultan of Islam). Under the Treaty of Jedda, signed on May 20, 1927, Great Britain recognized the independence of Abdul Aziz's kingdom, later known as the Kingdom of Hijaz and Nejd. In 1932, those regions were unified into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The discovery of oil in March 1938 changed the country economically, and gave the dynasty great legitimacy. Along with Liechtenstein, Saudi Arabia is the only country in the world with a ruling family name in the country name. Many opponents of the Saud Family have refused to acknowledge their legitimacy and have not called the country "Saudi Arabia" (English name).

Geography

The kingdom occupies eighty percent of the Arabian Peninsula. Much of the border is with the United Arab Emirates, Oman and Yemen has not been clearly defined, so the actual size of the country is yet to be calculated. The Saudi government estimates the country to be 2,217,949 square kilometers (856,356 square miles). Other figures range from 2,149,690 square kilometers (830,000 sq mi) to 2,240,000 square kilometers (864,869 sq mi). The climate is dry and hot. Dry desert with the most extreme climate, sandy desert land largely uninhabited. In most areas of the country, vegetation consists of weeds, drought-tolerant grasses and shrubs. Animals include wild goats, baboons, wolves and hyenas in the highlands. Small birds live around the oases. The Red Sea coastal area, especially the coral reefs, has a rich marine fauna. Saudi Arabia has a coastline of 2,640 kilometers (1,640 mi). Saudi Arabia is largely desert and semi-desert with oases. Nearly half of the country is uninhabitable desert with annual rainfall of 100 millimeters (4 inches) in most regions. The western regions have mountains as high as 3,000 meters (9,840 feet), and have the most pleasant climate and greenest flora in the country. The capital, Riad, in the central east has an average July temperature of 42 °C (108 °F) and 14 °C (57 °F) in January. In contrast, Jeda on the east coast the west has temperatures of 31 °C (88 °F) in July and 23 °C (73 °F) in January. Less than 2% of the total area of ​​the country is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s , the distribution of population is very different between the cities of the east and the west coasts, the inner oases are very crowded, and the vast, almost uninhabited deserts like Rub' al Khali, the Arabian Desert and the Saharan shrublands - Arabia. There are no permanent rivers or lakes in Saudi Arabia.

Climate

The climate in most parts of Saudi Arabia is characterized by high temperatures and aridity. It is one of the few places in the world where summer temperatures in excess of 50 °C (120 °F) are common, while cold winters with snow are possible in the interior and the region. high mountain. Average temperatures vary from 8° to 20 °C (47° to 68 °F) in January in Riad and 19° to 29 °C (66° to 83 °F) in Jeda. Average July temperatures vary from 27° to 43°C (81° to 109°F) in Riyadh and 27° to 38°C (80° to 100°F) in Jeddah. Rainfall is very sporadic, although sudden downpours can lead to flooding in shallow streams. Annual rainfall in Riad is about 100 mm (4 in) and occurs almost exclusively between January and May; The average rainfall in Jeda is 54 mm (2.1 in) between November and January.

Region

City

• Riyadh - capital
• Abha - summer mountain resort city in the southwest near the Yemen border
• Dhahran - home to Saudi Aramco, the world's largest oil company
• Jeddah (Jiddah) - major city in the Red Sea, and gateway to Makkah and Madinah
• Jubail - the largest industrial city in the kingdom
• Makah (Makkah) - the holiest city of Islam
• Madinah (Madinah) - where the Prophet . Mosque is located
• Najran - a Yemeni-influenced city with a large fortress
• Taif - small mountain town and resort area

Other destinations

Arrive

Saudi Arabia has one of the most restrictive travel policies in the world, and a prior visa is required for all foreigners wishing to enter. The only significant exception are nationals of Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Also visa-free for foreigners who transit through airports for less than eighteen hours, but many other entry requirements, such as clothing codes and restrictions on unaccompanied women's children, still apply. . Citizens of Israel and those with proof of having visited Israel will be denied a visa, although merely being Jewish in and of itself is not a disqualifying factor. (However, anecdotal reports have shown that travelers who check the "Jewish" or "atheistic" box on their visa application have difficulty.) Saudi Arabia prefers not to issue visas to women who do not have one. companions, but work permits are common in some areas - in particular. nurses, teachers, maids - and possibly anyone if the sponsor has enough connections. Tourist visas, previously available for groups of at least four people on guided tours schedule, was "discontinued" in late 2010 with vague promises to be reinstated at an unspecified later date, check with a travel agency for the latest scoop.

By air

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Go

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Expense

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Learn

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This tutorial is just an outline, so it needs more information. Have the courage to modify and develop it !

Reference

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