The medical-related content in Wikivoyage is for reference only, seeMedical statement . If you need medical services or reliable advice, please consult a professional. In an emergency, please call the localEmergency call。Zika virusIt is a genus of flaviviruses in the flaviviridae family. It is transmitted by mosquitoes aegypti and causes people who are bitten by mosquitoes to suffer from Zika virus infection (also known as Zika fever). The virus first appeared in 1947UgandaThe rhesus monkeys in the Zika forest in China were isolated from their bodies, hence the name. According to the genotype, it is divided into two types: Asian type and African type.Central Africa、Southeast AsiawithIndiaThere are records of discoveries. In the past, only a few human cases were reported until 2007Federated States of MicronesiaofYap IslandIt is only after the outbreak of a mass epidemic that there is more awareness of this disease.
Since 2015, the Zika virusCentral and South AmericaRapid spread, whereBrazilThere are even more than 4,100 cases of neonatal microcephaly. Neonatal microcephaly is suspected to be related to Zika virus. The World Health Organization andAmericaThe government has proposed emergency response measures.
Overview
Zika virus is related to dengue fever, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis and West Nile virus. It can cause symptoms similar to a mild form of dengue fever. It is treated by rest and symptoms, and currently cannot be prevented by drugs or vaccines. Zika virus is transmitted from mother to child. Newborn infants infected with this virus may cause microcephaly. Adult infections may affect the nervous system, including Guillain-Barré syndrome.
In January 2016, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released a list of affected countries, including enhanced precautions, and recommended that pregnant women consider postponing travel travel guidelines. The governments or health departments of other countries quickly issued similar travel warnings, and Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, and Jamaica advised women to postpone pregnancy until more people knew the risks.
Zika virus has an icosahedral envelope, just like other viruses related to it, and has an unsegmented, single-stranded, positive-stranded RNA genome. This is a virus closely related to Spondweni virus and is one of the two viruses of the Spondweni virus clade.
The virus was first isolated in April 1947 by scientists from the Yellow Fever Research Institute from a macaque placed in a cage atUgandaZika Forest near Lake Victoria. Then in January 1948, at the same location, the mosquitoes from Africa were separated for the second time. When the monkey developed fever in 1952, researchers isolated the transmitting pathogen from its serum, which was described for the first time as Zika virus. It was first separated from Nigerians in 1968. Evidence of human infection from 1951 to 1981 is from other African countries such as the Central African Republic, Egypt, Gabon, Sierra Leone, Tanzania and Uganda, as well as in parts of Asia, including India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. There are reports.
Zika virus has two pedigrees of African descent and Asian descent. Evolutionary chemistry studies have shown that the virus spreading in the Americas isFrench PolynesiaThe strains are closely related. The complete genome sequence of Zika virus has been published. From the preliminary results of the recent sequence investigation, a possible change in the non-structural protein 1 codon was discovered in the public domain, which may increase the speed of virus replication in humans.
Symptoms of infection
The incubation period of Zika virus disease (the time from exposure to the onset of symptoms) is not well known, but it may be several days. The symptoms are similar to other arbovirus infections such as dengue fever, including fever, rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise, eye socket pain, and headache. These symptoms are often mild and last for 2-7 days.
2013-2014 inFrench PolynesiaThe first outbreak of Zika virus disease occurred, and there was also an outbreak of dengue fever at the same time. During this period, national health authorities reported that Guillain-Barré syndrome had increased abnormally.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a condition in which the body's immune system invades part of the central nervous system. It can be caused by a variety of viruses and can affect people of any age. It is not yet understood what causes the syndrome. The main symptoms include muscle weakness, numbness in the arms and legs. If the respiratory muscles are affected, serious complications can occur, requiring hospitalization. Most people affected by Guillain-Barre syndrome will recover, and some people may continue to feel weak, etc.
In the outbreak in Brazil in 2015, local health authorities found that Zika virus infections among the general population had increased, and the number of babies born with microcephalin (Microcephalin) in northeastern Brazil had increased. Institutions investigating the Zika epidemic found that there is increasing evidence that there is a link between Zika virus and microcephaly.
Propagation mode
Mainly after a person is bitten by a spotted mosquito with Zika virus, after an incubation period of about 3-12 days, about one-fifth of the infected people will develop symptoms. During the onset period of the infected person, Zika virus is present in the blood. At this time, if the vector Aegypti mosquito is bitten again, the virus will multiply in the vector Aegypti mosquito. In about 10 days, the virus will enter the salivary glands of the Aegypti mosquito. It has the ability to spread the virus, and when the Aegypti mosquito bites another healthy person, the healthy person will be infected with Zika virus. In addition, it may also be infected through sexual behavior and vertical transmission (infected from mother to fetus during pregnancy).
The World Health Organization (WHO) stated that the virus may be transmitted from person to person through sexual contact, but more research is needed to confirm whether sexual transmission is one of the ways of transmission of Zika virus. On January 25, 2016, Professor Laura Rodrigues of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine emphasized the importance of developing a Zika virus vaccine on January 25, 2016. It should be given to women with family planning to prevent pregnancy just like the rubella vaccine. Sometimes it is infected by the virus and causes teratogenicity. Before the vaccine is available, women who want to become pregnant or who are already pregnant should be careful of being bitten by mosquitoes and avoid going to high-risk epidemic areas.
Travel note
Prepare before you go
- Before traveling, you should pay attention to fully understand the epidemic situation in the area you are going to, and check the latest epidemic information.
- Women who plan to become pregnant and pregnant women, please postpone their travel to endemic areas, if necessary, please consult a doctor first.
- If ordinary people plan to travel to endemic areas, they can first go to 26 domestic tourism medical clinics to assess the risk of infection and make preparations for mosquito prevention before departure.
Personal protection measures during travel
- Be sure to take measures to avoid mosquito bites at all times in the local area, such as wearing light-colored long-sleeved clothes, applying DEET or Picaridin-approved anti-mosquito agents on bare skin, and living in houses with screened windows, screen doors or air-conditioning Or use mosquito nets, etc.
- When you have symptoms of suspected infection, including fever, headache, joint pain, maculopapular rash, and conjunctivitis, seek medical attention as soon as possible.
Immigration cooperation matters
- Passengers with suspected symptoms of infection during the trip must take the initiative to inform the airport quarantine station of this department when they return to the country and enter the country.
- If you have any of the aforementioned symptoms within two weeks after returning to your country, you should seek medical attention as soon as possible and inform your doctor about the travel history.
- If pregnant women must go there, they should actively follow the fetal health after returning home.
- It is recommended to use condoms during sexual intercourse within 6 months of leaving the Zika virus-endemic area and postpone blood donation within 28 days.