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| Algeria | |
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| location | |
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| Flag | |
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| Main information | |
| Capital city | Algiers |
| Political system | republic |
| Currency | Algerian Dinar |
| Surface | 2 381 741 |
| Population | 41 318 142 |
| Tongue | Arabic - official Arabic, Tamazight, French - spoken |
| religion | Islam |
| Code | 213 |
| Internet domain | .NS |
| Time zone | UTC 01:00↗ |
Algeria - member of the African Union, the 10th largest country in the world, located in Africa North on the Mediterranean Sea. Much of the territory of Algeria is comprised of Sahara desert deserts and semi-deserts.
Characteristic
Geography
The terrain in Algeria is diverse - apart from the coastal belt, the north of the country is mountainous and the rest is upland (there is a depression and salt lakes close to the border with Tunisia). The highest point (2,918 m above sea level) is in the Ahaggar Mountains in the south of Algeria. The mountains are desert-like.
Climate
Algeria in the north (coast) has a Mediterranean climate with warm summers and mild, humid winters. The central and southern parts of the country have a tropical dry climate, with hot summers and warm winters. Within the mountain range Hoggar (Ahaggar) the climate is slightly cooler.
History
The territory of modern Algeria in antiquity was inhabited by Berber peoples. From the 12th century B.C. Phoenician trade settlements were established on the country's shores, which from the 9th century BC they belonged to Carthage. In the 3rd century BC in the interior, the state of Numidia was created, attached in the 1st century BCE to the Roman Empire. During the Roman rule, the country became one of the empire's granaries, thanks to which there was a rapid cultural and economic development of the lands. In the 5th century CE the coast of Algeria was occupied by the Vandals, in 533 by Byzantium, and in the second half of the 7th century by the Arabs. The Arabs carried out a process of Islamization and Arabization of the local Berber peoples in the country. During the Middle Ages, the territories frequently changed their rulers. The coasts were overrun by Berber pirates. At the end of the 15th century, many Muslim refugees from Spain settled here, they joined the pirate settlements. Frequent escapades of pirates to the territory of Spain and Spanish ships, led to the seizure of the port of Oran by the Spaniards in 1509 (it controlled it until 1708), and Algiers in 1510. Threatened by the Spanish expansion, the pirates turned to the Ottoman Empire for help and in 1519 assumed Turkish sovereignty. The present-day Algeria was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire under the Arabic name Al-Jazair. From the beginning of the 18th century, local rulers took power.
In 1830 Algiers was conquered by France. In the following years, the French conducted a systematic conquest of the country, meeting with resistance from Algerian tribes. The interior of Algeria was captured by French forces after 1847 with the defeat of the troops of Emir Abd al-Qadir. The French government granted Algeria the status of an overseas settlement territory of France and from the 1840s it conducted a settlement campaign. The local population opposed the French colonization of the country, organizing anti-French uprisings several times (including in 1857, 1864-66, 1870-71). In 1881, the French gave Algeria the indigenous code. The code banned the local population from belonging to political parties and trade unions. Some repressive laws were abolished after World War I. In the interwar period, the first local parties were created calling for the defense of the national interest.
During World War II, Algeria became a battleground of the Allies against the forces of the Vichy government. After the end of the war, anti-colonial tendencies intensified. In 1946, the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Freedoms (MTLD) was established, which in 1947 established a conspiratorial Special Organization. On the basis of the Special Organization, the Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action was created. In 1954, the Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action (CRUA) organized an anti-French uprising and became the National Liberation Front. The uprising covered the whole country. During the uprising, the French introduced a system of rule of terror and collective responsibility towards civilians in the colony. Torture, punitive expeditions and pacifications became commonplace. In 1958, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Algeria was established in Cairo. In 1962, representatives of the National Liberation Front and the French government signed an agreement in Évian-les-Bains, which proclaimed the independence of the republic.
On the threshold of the country's independence, the terrorist attacks undertaken by the Secret Army Organization, bringing together the French settlers who remained in the country, intensified. Terrorism and its reaction from the authorities caused a mass exodus of the French population from the country, and by mid-1962, 80% of the settlers had left Algeria. In 1963, the first Algerian constitution was adopted. Ahmad Ben Bella became the prime minister and the first president of the republic. In October 1963, Algeria's sovereignty was challenged by Morocco during the so-called sand war, in which Algerian forces defeated Moroccan troops. In 1964, the Algerian National Charter outlined a socialist state development program, in which single-party rule was taken over by the National Liberation Front. In 1965 there was a coup d'état led by Huari Bumedien. During his rule, Bumedien carried out land reform and nationalization of some industrial sectors.
In 1979, after Bumedien's death, Shadli Bendjedid took office as president. The new, democratic constitution passed in 1989 caused political chaos. The Islamist Salvation Front, which won the municipal and regional elections in 1990, gained a lot of public support. After winning the first round of the parliamentary elections in 1991, the army and supporters of the secular state reacted: the Islamic Salvation Front was banned and the elections were annulled. In the 1990s, there was a civil war in the country. In January 2000, the Islamic Salvation Army, the armed wing of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), disbanded, and many of its fighters surrendered in exchange for amnesty. In the 21st century, Algeria was among the most developed countries in the continent. At the turn of 2010 and 2011, nationwide protests broke out in the country. In April 2019, long-time president Abd al-Aziz Buteflik resigned due to ongoing mass protests caused by rising living costs and unemployment.
Policy
Economy
Drive
By car
The border with Morocco has been closed for 18 years due to ethnic conflicts. If we want to reach Algeria by car, the easiest way is to cross the land border from Tunisia.
By plane
Algeria's largest airport is Algiers International Airport. There are planes flying there, incl. With Paris - there are no direct connections to Polish.
By rail
By bus
By ship
An administrative division
Algeria is divided into 48 provinces (also known in Polish literature as wilajetami or wilayami; Arabic wilāya). These, in turn, are divided into 553 dajrats (prefectures), and dajrats into 1,541 communes.
- Adrar
- Ajn ad-Dafla
- Ain Tumushanat
- Algiers
- Annaba
- Batna
- Bashar
- Bejaia
- Biskira
- Al-Bulayda
- Burj Bu Urajridj
- Al-Buwajra
- Bumardas
- Ash-Shalif
- Constantine
- The djilf
- Al-Bayad
- Al-Wadi
- At-Tarif (Al-Tarif)
- Ghardaia
- Kalima
- Illizi
- Jijal
- Hanshal
- Al-Aghwat
- Al-Midija
- Nice
- Mustaghanam
- Al-Masila
- Mascara
- Naama
- Oran
- Warlak
- Umm al-Bawaki
- Ghoulajzan
- Said
- Setif
- Sidi Bu-l-Abbas
- Sukajkida
- Souk Ahras
- Tamanrasset
- Tibissa
- Tijarat
- Tinduf
- Tibaz
- Tisamsilt
- Tizi Wuzu
- Tilimsan
Cities
According to official data from 2008, Algeria had over 190 cities with a population of over 13,000. residents. The country's capital, Algiers, was the only city with over a million inhabitants; 2 cities with a population of 500 ÷ 1000 thousand; 37 cities with a population of 100,000 ÷ 500,000; 46 cities with a population of 50,000 ÷ 100,000; 99 cities with a population of 25,000 ÷ 50,000 and the rest of the cities below 25,000 residents.
Interesting places
UNESCO World Heritage Sites:
- 1980 - Ruins of the city of Kalat Bani Hammad
- 1982 - Prehistoric paintings and 'rock forest' in the Tassili Grottoes
- 1982 - Berber housing estates in the Mzab Valley
- 1982 - Ruins of the Roman city in Jamila
- 1982 - Monuments from Byzantine times in Tipaza (endangered)
- 1982 - Ruins of the Roman city of Timgad
- 1992 - Old Town (kasbah) in Algiers
Archaeological sites:
- Afolou bou Rhummel
- Ahaggar
- Annaba
- Jamila
- Tagaste
- Tasili Van Ahjar
- Tibissa
- Timgad
- Tipas
Transport
Tongue
The official language of Algeria is Arabic. French is widely used, especially among educated people. Various dialects of the Berber language are also in use. English is little known.
Shopping
Gastronomy
In Algerian cuisine, the spiciness of the dishes is the basis. Examples are:
- hot spices, garlic, chilli, cumin, and hot peppers.
- spicy harissa paste made of peppers, garlic with the addition of cumin, coriander and olive oil.
- odżdża - eggs in spicy tomato sauce with the addition of harissa paste.
Spices popular in Algeria are: cinnamon, cardamom, cumin, coriander, fennel, mint, saffron, chili, garlic.
Very often served dishes are steamed couscous and seafood dishes such as shrimp in mayonnaise. There are also sweet and fresh dates on the table.
Algerian drinks are:
- Thibarine is a sweet liqueur made of herbs and dates (contains 10-20% alcohol).
- Coffee in Algeria is made in many different ways with the addition of cardamom.
- One of the most popular Algerian drinks is mint tea with lots of sugar.
- For refreshment, Algerians drink mineral water, fruit juice or squeeze lemon juice on their own
- Fruit and flower petal drinks, or Sharbats, are popular.
- Algerians are also preparing a creamy drink - Sahlab.
Here are Christmas Algerian dishes: Jary - a thick soup based on wheat, El ham iahlou - a dish with lamb meat served at the Ramadan dinner, Bourek - filo pastry stuffed with eggs and minced meat.
A traditional Algerian breakfast is Chakchouka - vegetables stewed in olive oil.
For dessert in Algeria, dishes such as:
- fruit, honey, nuts, figs and dates;
- pancakes with honey;
- baklava - a sweet dish also eaten in Albania, it is a puff pastry layered with honey and nuts.
- Kaab el Ghzal - "gazelle cubes" in the literal translation, they are actually croissants with almond paste covered with frosting;
- Makroud el Louse - this is a type of Algerian cookies.
Here are Algerian dishes perfect for dinner:
- Couscous with fresh mint and raisins, seasoned with saffron.
- Lahm Lhalou - lamb stewed with fruit.
- Harira - lentil, chickpea and bean soup.
Accommodation
Security
Health
contact
Diplomatic representations
Diplomatic missions accredited in Algeria
Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Algiers
Rue Olof Palme
Nouveau-Paradou
Hydra - Algiers
Phone: 213 21 60 99 50
Fax: 213 21 60 99 59
Web page: https://algier.msz.gov.pl/pl/
E-mail: [email protected]
Diplomatic representations accredited in Poland
State Embassy ALGIERIA
Address: ul. Ignacego Krasickiego 10, 02-628 Warsaw
Phone: 48 22 617 58 55; 48 22 617 59 31
Fax: 48 22 616 00 81
Web page: http://www.algerianembassy.pl/
e-mail: [email protected]