Fujian is a province on the southeastern coast of the mainland ChinaFujian borders Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the south. Taiwan is located east of Fujian, across the Taiwan Strait. The name Fujian originates from the combination of the names of the two cities of Fuzhou and Kien Chau (the old name of Kien Au) on the territory during the Tang Dynasty. The province has a majority Han Chinese population and is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China. Most of Fujian province is administered by the People's Republic of China. However, the Kinmen and Matsu Islands are under the control of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
Regions
City
- Phuc Chau - the capital of the province
- Long Nham - in the West of Fujian
- Nam Binh - Min River from Fuzhou
- Ning Duc - on the coast, north of Fuzhou
- Putian - between Fuzhou and Quanzhou
- Quanzhou - historic port
- Tam Minh - in the mountains
- Xiamen - Special economic zone and port city, ferry terminal Taiwan
- Zhangzhou - southwest of Xiamen
Other destinations
overview
History
Recent archaeological discoveries have demonstrated that the indigenous inhabitants of Fujian entered the Neolithic in the middle of the 6th millennium BC. From the site of Zuqiutou (壳丘头, 7450–5590 years ago), an early Neolithic site on Pingtan Island (平潭岛) located about 70 kilometers (43 mi) southeast In Fuzhou, numerous tools made of stone, shell, shell, bone, jade and pottery (including pottery turntables) have been excavated, along with the spinning wheel, an evidence of weaving activity. The site of Tan Shishan (昙石山) (5500–4000 years ago) on the outskirts of Fujian experienced both the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, where semi-underground circular structures were found in the area. lower levels. The site of Huangtulun (黄土崙) (c. 1325 BC), also on the outskirts of Fuzhou, has Bronze Age characteristics.
The area of Fujian used to exist the Minyue kingdom. The word "Minyue" is a combination of the word "Min" (閩/闽; Bach Thoai character: bin), possibly the name of an ethnic group and is related to the word for barbarian peoples in the Chinese language. man" (蠻/蛮; pinyin: man; Bach Thoai: bin), and "Viet" is named after the Spring and Autumn period Viet that existed in present-day Zhejiang province. This is because the Vietnamese royal family fled to Fujian after their kingdom was destroyed and annexed by Chu in 306 BC. Min is also the name of the main river in the area of Fujian, Min Giang, but the name of the Min people has existed before.
Min Yue state existed until it was abolished by the Qin dynasty. However, with the early collapse of the Qin Dynasty, civil war broke out between Xiang Yu and Liu Bang, known in history as Han Chu's struggle; At that time, Wu Zhu (无诸) decided to go out to help Liu Bang. Later, Liu Bang won and established the Han Dynasty; In order to reward him, in 202 BC, Han Cao To restored Min Viet's status as a vassal kingdom, naming Wu Chu as the king of Man Yue. Wuzhu received permission from the Han dynasty to build defensive citadel in Fuzhou as well as several other sites at Wuyishan, which have been excavated in recent years. Wuzhu's kingdom extended beyond the boundaries of Fujian to the lands of what is now eastern Guangdong, eastern Jiangxi, and southern Zhejiang.
After Wuzhu's death, Min Yue maintained his fighting tradition and conducted a number of expeditions against neighboring vassal states in Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang, throughout. 2nd century BC and was only stopped by the Han Dynasty. In the end, the Han emperor decided to eliminate this potential threat by sending a large military force to attack Min Yue from all sides both at sea and on land in 111 BC. The leaders in Fuzhou surrendered to avoid a futile war, but the Han army still proceeded to destroy the palace and citadels of Min Yue; The first kingdom in Fujian history came to an abrupt end of existence.
After the Han dynasty gradually collapsed at the end of the 2nd century, paving the way for the Three Kingdoms period. Ton Quyen, the founder of Dong Ngo, took nearly 20 years to subdue the Son Viet, a branch of Bach Viet living in the mountains. The first wave of immigration of Han aristocrats to present-day Fujian occurred in the early 4th century when the Western Jin dynasty collapsed and northern China was torn apart by the Hu peoples. These immigrants mainly came from eight clans in central China: Lin, Huang, Chen, Zheng, Chiem (詹), Qiu, He, and Hu. The first four surnames are still the main surnames of the people of Fujian today.
However, the rugged terrain and isolation from neighboring areas have contributed to the relatively backward economy and development level of Fujian. Despite the significant increase in the number of Han Chinese in the region, the population density in Fujian was still low compared to the rest of China. The Jin Dynasty only established 2 districts and 16 districts in present-day Fujian. Like other southern provinces such as Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan, Fujian was often a site for the contemporary court to exile prisoners and dissidents. By the Northern and Southern dynasties, Fujian was under the control of the Southern imperial dynasties.
The Tang Dynasty (618–907) was a golden age of feudal China. When the Tang dynasty fell, China was divided during a period known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. During this time, there was a second wave of immigrants to Fujian seeking refuge, led by Wang Shenzhi, who founded the state of Min with its capital at Fuzhou. However, after the death of the founding king, the Min kingdom had an internal conflict and was soon destroyed by another southern country, Southern Tang.[3]
Quanzhou was a prosperous port during the Min era, and was probably the largest port in the Eastern Hemisphere at that time. In the early Ming Dynasty, Quanzhou was an area where soldiers gathered and supplied supplies for Zheng He's maritime expedition. The port's further development was hindered by the Ming Dynasty's ban on seas, and Quanzhou was gradually replaced by the nearby ports of Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai, although the ban was imposed. removed in 1550. The large-scale incursions of the Uyghur (Japanese pirates) were eventually abolished by the Chinese and Toyotomi Hideyoshi of Japan.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasty, there was a large wave of refugees to Fujian and a 20-year ban on sea trade under Emperor Kangxi, a measure against those who remained loyal to the Ming Dynasty in Taiwan. under the leadership of Trinh Thanh Cong. However, these refugees did not stay in Fujian but later migrated to prosperous areas in Guangdong. In 1689, the Qing court, after having conquered Taiwan, officially incorporated the island into Fujian. Later, the Han people began to migrate in large numbers to Taiwan, and most of the present Taiwanese population is descended from immigrants from southern Fujian. After Taiwan became a separate province in 1885 and then ceded to Japan in 1895, Fujian has remained the same to this day. Fujian was significantly influenced by Japan from the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895 until the Sino-Japanese War during the Second World War.
After the Xinhai Revolution, Fujian province came under the control of the Republic of China government. In 1933, the 19th Route Army conducted a mutiny and established the Republic of China, with its capital at Fuzhou. The republic lasted only 55 days from November 22, 1933 to January 13, 1934. After the Chinese Civil War, Fujian came under the control of the People's Republic of China, with the exception of the Kinmen and Ma Islands. The group is occupied by the Republic of China government in Taiwan, the Republic of China government also established Fujian province, but this provincial government apparatus is currently not functioning in reality. The Taiwan Strait has had three crises between the two sides in 1954-1955, 1958 and 1995-1996.
Since the end of the decade, the coastal economy of Fujian has benefited greatly from its geographical and cultural proximity to Taiwan. The Fujian government and the central government of China also proposed the establishment of an economic zone on the West Coast of the Strait to effectively exploit this advantage. In 2008, Taiwan was the number one investor in Fujian.[4]
Geography
Fujian is located in the southeastern coastal region of China. Fujian borders Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the southwest. To its east and south, Fujian is bordered by the East China Sea, the Taiwan Strait, and the South China Sea. Fujian's coastline extends for 535 km in a straight line. However, due to the many bays and peninsulas, the coastline is actually about 3,324 km long, accounting for 18.3% of the length of China's coastline. The major bays in Fujian are Funing Bay (福宁湾), Sansha Bay (三沙湾), Luoyuan Bay (罗源湾), Mizhou Bay (湄洲湾), Dongshan Bay (东山湾). . Fujian has a total of 1,404 coastal islands, the total area of which is over 1,200 km².[5] The main islands are Xiamen, Kinmen, Pingtan (平潭岛), Nanyi (南日岛), Dongshan (东山岛).
Fujian's terrain is mainly hilly, traditionally described as "Bat Son, One Water, One Fentian" (八山一水一分田). In the northwest, the terrain is higher with the Wuyi Mountains forming the natural boundary between Fujian and Jiangxi, in which, Huanggang Mountain (黄岗山) with an altitude of 2,157 m is the highest point in Fujian, It is also the highest point in the Southeast of China. The Fujian mountain belt from north to south is divided into the Qiufeng mountain range, the Dai Yun mountain range (戴云山脉), [[Bopingling mountain range (博平岭山脉). Red soil and yellow soil are the main soil types of Fujian. Fujian is the most forested province in China, with a forest coverage rate of 62.96% in 2009.[6] Forests in Fujian can be divided into subtropical broad-leaved evergreen forest in the central and western regions and subtropical monsoon rain forests in the east.
The major rivers in Fujian are the Minjiang (闽江) 577 km long, the Jinjiang (晋江) 182 km long, the Kowloon River (九龙江) 258 km long and the Dingjiang (汀江) 220 km long. With abundant rainfall, the annual flow of rivers in the whole province is 116.8 billion m³, especially the average flow of the Min Giang (1,980 m³/s) is larger than that of the Yellow River (1,774 m,). 5 m³/s). Most rivers and streams have steep slopes and fast flow, with many rapids, theoretical hydraulic reserve of 10.46 million kW, installed capacity of 7.0536 million kW. In the coastal area, because there are many bays, it is possible to take advantage of the tide to produce electricity, with 3000 km² of tidal affected area, the tidal energy reserve that can be exploited is over 10 million kW. Fujian has four major plains namely Zhangzhou Plain, Fuzhou Plain, Quanzhou Plain and Xinghua Plain.
Fujian has a humid subtropical monsoon climate that is conducive to the development of a diversified agriculture. The average annual temperature is 17-21°C. Winter in Fujian is quite warm, January temperature in the coastal area is 7-10°C, in the mountains 6-8°C. Summer is hot with temperatures ranging from 20-39°C, influenced by many tropical storms. The annual precipitation reaches from 1,400-2,000 mm, decreasing gradually from the southeast to the northwest.
Language
Currently, all the educated people in Fujian speak Mandarin. It has been the language of education in China since the 1950s and is now the lingua franca in Fujian like elsewhere.
However, Fujian also has dozens of dialects of its own. The terrain is mountainous, at one time nearly every valley had its own language. Dialects are often described with the prefix "Mân" (闽 Mǐn), with Min being another name for Hokkien. These dialects are not mutually intelligible, although they do not share certain common characteristics. In general, the Min Chinese dialect group is the most different from the standard Mandarin of all localities in China. Minnan has less similarities with Mandarin than English has with Dutch.
Among the most important is the Minnan dialect (闽南话 Mǐnnán Hua; Minnan), spoken in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and surrounding areas. There are slight Minnan earthfish variations among the three cities, the Xiamen dialects being considered the prestige dialects. Many people in Taiwan speak the same language, although they may call it Taiwanese. In Malaysia and Singapore, the same language is called Hokkien (from Minnan for Hokkien). The language of Hainan is closely related to Minnan, but not mutually intelligible with it.
Min Dong (闽东 Mǐn dong) or Fuzhou (福州话) dialect is spoken in Fuzhou and also has a large number of speakers in the coastal areas of Tonkin. In Malaysia and Singapore, it is called Hokchiu (from Mindong for Fuzhou). There are terroir variants, the Min Dong dialects of Fuzhou and Fu'an, which are only about 4 hours away by car, are not mutually intelligible, although the Fuzhou dialects are considered the dominant dialects. faith of Man Dong.
Other Min dialects include Minbei (闽北 Mǐn Bei), Minzhong (闽中 Mǐn Zhong) and Puxian, named for the city of Putian and its surrounding Xianyou district.
Hakka language (客家) in Western Fujian, and in some other areas of Southern China, was introduced as refugees from one of the wars in Northern China for several centuries or more. again. Hakka means "guest". They have their own Hakka language (客家话; Khejiāhuà), related to the Northern dialect rather than any other Hokkien language.
As with the rest of China, English is not widely spoken, although airline and senior hotel staff in major cities will usually be able to use basic English.
Arrive
Fujian is well-connected with localities in China through domestic airlines, buses, China's highways and train networks.
The main airports are in Xiamen and Fuzhou, both of which have flights to Hong Kong and many mainland cities, as well as international flights to several other Asian cities. Xiamen also has flights to Amsterdam and cheap international connections to Manila, Singapore and Bangkok. The scenic Wu Yi mountain area also has an airport with good domestic connections.
There are good highways around the province and out of it into neighboring provinces. There are buses from any major Fujian city to any major cities in neighboring provinces. Many of these routes through mountains (or at least a lot of hills) terrain and feats of engineering involving lots of bridges and tunnels. During World War II, Japan controlled most of Fujian but failed to capture Sanming because of the mountains. Nowadays, it is only a few hours drive on good roads from Fuzhou to Sanming.
There is a high-speed rail line in service connecting Xiamen and Fuzhou to Ningbo, Hangzhou and Shanghai, mainly running along the coast. The speed is more than 200 km/h and the Fuzhou-Shanghai trip takes about six hours. Expansion south to Shenzhen and inland to Nanchang in Jiangxi is planned.
There are ships to Taiwan-controlled islands located near the coast of Fujian - from Mawei, a suburb of Fuzhou, to Matsu and from Xiamen to Kinmen. From these islands, it is possible to continue to the main islands of Taiwan.
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