Russian phrasebook - Rozmówki rosyjskie

Russian - East Slavic language, spoken by about a quarter of a billion people. It is the official language of Of the Russian Federation, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and on Belarusas well as one of the five official languages ​​of the United Nations. Russian is a very widespread language in Central and Eastern Europe, Central Asia, in Caucasus and on the grounds Far East.

Alphabet

The written script of the Russian language is Cyrillic. It consists of 30 letters and 2 special characters (softener "Ь" - the so-called miahkij sign and the hard sign "Ъ" - the so-called tword sign). Most of the letters are the same as in Polish, but in a different order (the Russian alphabet has a letter order similar to the Greek alphabet).

Map of countries with Russian as the official language (dark blue) and countries where it is spoken by more than 30% (light blue)

The rules of pronunciation

Certain features of Russian pronunciation are not included in the transcription:

• О unstressed is pronounced almost like / a /, for example: вода́ (water) - / wa | da /, коро́ва (cortical) - / ka | rowə, пу́сто (pusto) - / | pustə /.
• Unstressed е and я (and а po ч, щ) are pronounced indirectly between / e / and / and / (/ ɪ /), e.g. весна́ (wiesna) - / wand| sna /, пятно́ (piatno) - / pand| tno /, часы́ (times) - / czandsy /.
• Russian soft s´, z´ are less soft than Polish ś, ź, they sound a bit like sj, zj in one voice. The junctions си, зи should therefore be pronounced as firmly as possible, as in sine, make up.
• Ч, щ are always soft. (Ж, ш, ц are always hard.) They sound like Polish ć and ś. Щ can also be pronounced as double soft sz.
• Russian l is always soft. It sounds intermediate between l and j. When pronouncing it, bring the entire front and middle part of the tongue closer to the roof of the mouth. We pronounce the Russian ли like Polish li.
• On the other hand, the Russian ł corresponds to the Polish ł scenic (i.e. it is more similar to the l than the colloquial Polish ł, i.e. in the case of the non-syllabic). When pronouncing it, almost the entire tongue should be kept low and only the tip of the tongue should be touched to the teeth. The softening of л is therefore basically regular.
• In Russian, w for voiceless words are pronounced like Polish w (not f). Твой should therefore be pronounced clearly / volinoh /.
• The combinations -тся, -ться in the endings of reflexive verbs are pronounced as / -csa /.
• Г in the genitive endings -ого, -его is pronounced like Polish w, e.g. до́брого (dobrogo) - / | dobrawa /, дре́внего (driewnego) - / | dr´ewnandwə /
• The words что, что́бы (czto, cztoby) are pronounced as / szto /, / | sztoby /.

Greetings and goodbyes

Good morning - здравствуйте (zdrastwujcje)

Good morning (morning) - доброе утро (Dobra utra)

Good morning (afternoon) - добрый день (have a good day)

Good evening - добрый вечер (dobryj wjejer)

Hello - привет (privjet)

See you later - до встречи (will give you a shot)

Goodbye - до свидания (will give Svidaniya)

Goodbye - прощай (praśaj)

Polite phrases

Thank you - спасибо (spasiba)

Thank you very much - Большое спасибо (Bolshey Spasiba)

Please - пожалуйста (palausta)

I'm sorry - простите (prasticje)

I'm so sorry - извините (isvictions)

Acquaintance

We don't know your name? - Мы ещё не знакомы, как тебя зовут? (We are not very good, what about you?)

My name is ... and you? - Меня зовут ..., а тебя? (Mienja will win ... what about you?)

I am very pleased - Очень priyatno (Prijatna graze)

Me too - Мне тоже (Lots of it)

How old are you? - Сколько тебе лет? (Skolka cjebje ljet?)

I'm ... years old, and you? - Мне ... лет, а вам? (Mnje ... ljet, and you?)

Me too - Я тоже (Me too)

Caution: if our age ends with 1 (e.g. 1, 21, 31 ...) instead of the word лет (lat - ljet) the word год (god). However, when the age ends with 2,3,4, the word года appears (years - good), e.g. I am 23 years old - Мне 23 года (More than a trio of goodness).

Language and nationalities

Do you speak Russian? - Вы говорите по-русски? (You guaritas pa russkij?)

This is how I speak Russian - Я говорю по-русски (I gawarju pa russkij)

Do you speak russian well? - Вы хорошо говорите по-русски? (You haraszo gawaricje pa russkij?)

Yes / No / Trocha - Да / Нет / Немножко (Da / Niet / Niemnożka)

Where are you from? - Откуда вы? (Atkuda you?)

I am from Poland - Я из Польши (Me and Poland)

I am from Russia - Я из России (Me and Rasija)

What nationality are you? - Кто вы по национальности? (Who are you)

I am Polish - Я Поляк (Me, Paljak)

Poland, Pole, Pole - Польша, Поляк, Полька

Russia, Russian, Russian - Россия, Русский, Россиянка

Belarus, Belarusian, Belarusian - Белоруссия, Беларусь, Белоруска

Germany, German, German - Германия, Германиец, Германка

England, English, English - Англия, англичанин, англичанка

Italy, Italian, Italian - Италия, Италиец, Итальянка

France, French, French - Франция, Француз, Французка

Sweden, Swede, Swedish - Швеция, швед, шведка

Spain, Spanish, Spanish - Испания, испанец, испанка

Hungary, Hungarian, Hungarian - Венгрия, венгр, венгерка

Serbia, Serb, Serbian - Сербия, Серб, Сербка

Greece, Greek, Greek - Греция, грек, гречанка

China, chinese, chinese woman - Китай, китаец, китаянка

Japan, Japanese, Japanese - Japanese, Yaponets, Yaponka

USA, American, American - США, американец, американка

India, Indian, Indian - Индия, индиец, индианка

Personal pronouns

• я - me
• ты - you
• он - he
• она - she (ana)
• оно - it (Well)
• мы - we
• вы - you
• они - they (or)

Numerals

In terms of semantics, numerals in Russian are divided into two groups:

1. Cardinal numerals (количественные) - answer the question сколько? (how much - skolka) E.g. два, десять, сорок три, сто.
2. Ordinal numbers (порядковые) - answer the question который? (which - hard work) E.g. второй, десятый, сорок третий, сотый.

Days of the week, time of day and time of the year

Week

Week - Неделя (Sunday)

Monday - Понедельник (the ladyboy)

Tuesday - Вторник (duplicate)

Wednesday - Среда (srieda)

Thursday - Четверг (quarter)

Friday - Пятница (a fancy)

Saturday - Суббота (subbot)

Sunday - Воскресенье (waskriesjenije)

Time of day

Day - День (events)

Morning - Утро (utra)

South - Полдень (come)

Afternoon - после полудня (the south post)

Evening - Вечер (wjećer)

Night - ноч (night)

North - Полночь (catch)

Seasons

Seasons - Времени года (injemieni goda)

Winter - Зима (winter)

Spring - Весна (wjesna)

Summer - (ljeto)

Autumn - Осень (ossień)

Hours

What time is it? - кото́рый час? (katorij chas?)

A full hour

To indicate the time in full hours, cardinal numbers are used, followed by the inflected noun час.

• 1:00 - час (adzin chas)
• 2:00 - 4:00 - два, три, четы́ре часа́ (two, tri, cetyrje chasa)
• 5:00 - 12:00 - пять, шесть ... часо́в (pjac, six ... chisow)

After twelve, we use full names only in official statements (on the radio, television, etc.), while in everyday speech we return to the scale from 1 to 12.

• 13:00 - час
• 14:00 - 16:00 - два, три, четы́ре часа́
• 17:00 - 24:00 - пять, шесть ... часо́в

Half an hour

To define half an hour, we must use the noun полови́на (half - cornflower)

• 12:30 - полови́на пе́рвого (полпе́рвого) - Pałavina Pjerwawa (Połpjerwawa)
• 13:30 - полови́на второ́го (полвторо́го) - marshmallow (half-tartar)
• 6:30 PM - полови́на седьмо́го (полседьмо́го) ...

Of course, you can also say the same, but officially, for example 12:30 - двена́дцать три́дцать or двена́дцать часо́в три́дцать мину́т. Such determination of time, however, is rather rare in colloquial speech.

Half hours

If we specify the time to exact minutes from one hour to the middle of the next hour, we say:

• 17:05 - пять мину́т шесто́го (drinking the sixth minute)
• 17:10 - де́сять мину́т шесто́го (daily sixth minute)
• 17:15 - пятна́дцать мину́т шесто́го (че́тверть шесто́го) (taking a sixth minute)
• 17:20 - два́дцать мину́т шесто́го (Twenty six minutes)
• 17:25 - два́дцать пять мину́т шесто́го (drank drinking sixth minute)

• 17:35 - без двадцати́ пяти́ ше́сть (bjez dwacaci drink six)
• 17:40 - без двадцати́ ше́сть (bjez dwacaci six)
• 17:45 - без пятна́дцати ше́сть (без че́тверти ше́сть)
• 17:50 - без десяти́ ше́сть
• 17:55 - без пяти́ ше́сть

The colors

Красный - Red (Krasnyj)

Синий - Navy blue (bruise)

Голубой - Blue (ragdoll)

Зелёный - Green (eaten)

Белый - White (freaky)

Жёлтый - Yellow (yellow)

Оранжевый - orange (aranżew)

Серый - Gray (sir)

Розовый - Pink (talk)

Коричневый - Brown (karićniewyj)

Фиолетовый - Violet (fijaljetout)

Чёрный - Black (cornyj)

Светлый - Bright (swjetlyj)

Тёмный - Dark (cjomnyj)

Яркий - Bright (jarkij)

Asking for directions and directions, travel

Drive

I'm sorry, madam / sir! - Извините, пожалуйста! (palausta viniculture)

How can I get to Moscow / center / intersection? - Как доехать до Москвы / центра / перекрестка? (Kak produkhac da Maskwy / centra / pjeriekrostka?)

You have to go / go ... - Вам надо ехать / идти ... (Nada go / go ...)

Where can I find ...? - Где в этом районе я найти ... (Where in the Rajon stage I am most ...)

You have to turn right and then left - Вам надо подвернуть направо, а потом направо (He will repair it for you, and pour it on patom)

The restaurant is just around the corner - Ресторан сразу за углом (Rjestaran srazu załaam)

Will I have to change trains? - Мне буде надо отсаживаться? (Wake me up?)

You will need to change trains in ...- Вам буде надо отсаживаться в ... (You will be awakened by astażywatsa in ...)

Directions

Straight - prямо (prjama)

To the left - налево (pour)

To the right - направо (repair)

North - север (sjewier)

South - юг (jug)

West - запад (collapse)

East - восток (wastok)

Objects in the city

Train station - vokzal (wakzał)

Mail - почта (chunk)

Cinema - кино (cinema)

Restaurant - ресторан (rjestaran)

Church - костёл (cassia)

Orthodox church - церковь (cerica)

School - школа (school)

Hospital - Bolnytsa (balnica)

Museum - музей (muse)

Park - парк (Park)

Square - площадь (skewer)

Means of transport

Car - Mashina (machine)

Bus - автобус (awtobus)

Plane - samolut (plane)

Helicopter - вертолёт (wjertaljot)

Łódź - лодка (boat)

Truck - грузовик (rubble)

Bicycle - велосипед (wjełasipjed)

Motorcycle - мотоцикл (motorcycle)

In the bank

Bank - bank (bank)

Money - деньги (events)

ATM - bankomat (bankamate)

Transaction - сделка (judge)

Bank account - банковский счет (bankowskij sćot)

Credit card - кредитка (krieditka)

Money transfer - transfer (transmitter)

I want to know my account balance - Я бы хотел узнать состояние своего счета

I want to deposit money on my account - Я бы хотел внести депозит

I want to take some money out of my savings account - Я бы хотел снять денег со сберегательного счета

In the hotel

Hotel / Hostel / Pensjonat - отель / хостел / пансион (acjel, chostjel, pajsyon)

Do you have rooms available - У Вас остались свободные комнаты? (at you ostalis swabodnyje chambers?)

How much is a ... bed room? - Сколько стоит номер на ... человек / человека? (skolka stoit nomjer na ... ćeławiek / ćeławieka?)

I would like to book ... - Я бы хотел / а забронировать ... (I would chacjeł / chacjeła zaranirawac ...)

Single room - одноместный номер (adnomiestnyj nomjer)

Double room - двухместный номер (dwuchmiestnyj nomjer)

Room ... bed - комната на ... человек (a chamber on ... a quarter)

Non-smoking room - комната для некурящих (the chamber for the non-murderers)

I want to book a room for ... night / nights / nights / week / weeks - Я бы хотел / а забронировать комнату на ... _ночь / ноч (и / ей) / неделю / недел (ja by chacjeł / a zabranirawac komnatu na ... noć (jedn noc) / noći (2,3,4) / noćej (5,6 ...) / niedzjelju (1) / njedzjelje (2,3) / njedzjel ' (4.5 ...))

Is breakfast included? - Включён ли завтрак? (wklljućon li zawtrak?)

Excuse me, where is room number ...? - Где я могу найти комнату номер ...? (where am I magu visiting nomjer's chamber ...?)

In the restaurant

Is this seat taken? - Это место свободно? (swabodna town)

Unfortunately not - К сожалению нет (ksażaljeniu niez)

Free time. Please sit down - Свободно. Можете сесть (swabodna. possibility to eat)

Please tell me what do you advise to eat for breakfast? - Скажите пожалуйста, что вы советуете к завтраку? (pażałusta sings, szto you sawieścietje k żwraku?)

I recommend pancakes with jam and cheese - Рекомендую блинчики с вареньем и сыром (rjekomienduju blinićiki with varnish and syram)

Pancakes and cocoa, please - Дайте, пожалуйста блинчики о какао (give me a pasty blini and cocoa)

Please. Bon Appetit! - Пожалуйста. Приятного аппетита! (palausta. prijatnawo appetite!)

Russian dishes

• Brine soup - salmon (saljanka)
• Szczi soup - щи (si)
• Okroszka soup - окрошка (acroshka)
• Dumplings pielmieni - пельмени (pelmieni)
• Dumplings (buns) - расстегай (rasstjećaj)
• Bliny - Блины (Russian pancake)
• Ołady pies - Ола́дьи (aładi)

In the shop

Do you have ... ? - У Вас есть ...? (You have ...?)

Where can I find ...? - Где я могу найти ...? (Where am I most ...?)

How much it costs? - Сколько это стоит? (skolka eta stait?)

Do you have anything at a lower price? - У Вас есть что-нибудь подешевле? (you have szto-nibud podjesiewlje?)

Can I pay with a credit card? - Могу я расплатиться кредитной картой? (magu ja raspłatitsa krieditnoj kartoj / krieditku?)

Can I get a net? - Можно мне пакет, пожалуйста? (can you pack me a palausta?)

Products at the grocery store

Bread - sluggish изделия (chljebobułoćnyje izdzienija)

bread - хлеб (damn)

rolls - buns (rolls)

donuts - buns (ponćiki)

Dairy products - молочный отдел (little atdznyj attjeł)

milk - молоко (small)

cheese - сыр (syr)

yogurt - yogurt (yoghurt)

cottage cheese - творог (cottage cheese)

cream - smetana (cream)

cream - сли́вки (plums)

Fish department - рыбный отдел (fish food)

Smoked Fish - Hopping Ryba (snorkel fish)

herring - сельдь (eat)

omul - омуль (omul)

amur - amur (grass carp)

salmon - лосось (weasel)

caviar - икра (roe)

Meat-Cold cuts - мясной отдел (mjasnoj attjeł)

bacon - бекон (bastard)

ham - vetchina (wjetćina)

sausages - сосиски (sasiski)

sausage - kolbas (kolbasa)

pork - svinina (pork)

beef - говядина (gavyadina)

Sweets - кондитерский отдел (Kandzicjerskij atdzjeł)

cakes - puff (pirozhnai)

cake - торт

gingerbread cookiesprjaniki)

candy - coffets (cannibals)

chocolate - шоколад (jackalad)

Vegetables and fruits - овощи и фрукты (owaśi and fructs)

onion - лук (bow)

carrot - морковь (Mark)

cucumber - гурец (ogurjec)

potato - картошка (card)

tomato - pomidor (pamidor)

pepper - перец (pierce)

cabbage - капуста

apple - яблоко (apple)

pear - груша (pear tree)

plum - слива (plum tree)

orange - apelsin (apjelsin)

lemon - limon (limon)

banana - banan

watermelon - арбуз

Bank holidays

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