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What this entry describesAntarcticaYesEarthThe axis of rotation withSouthern HemisphereThe South Pole where the surface intersects, which is currently (possibly millions of years) atAntarcticaRemote, bleak interior. Since 1956,AmericaHas been maintained in AntarcticaAmundsen-Scott South Pole Station. The physical station itself is several hundred meters away from the actual pole. Due to the continuous drift of the ice below it, it constantly moves relative to the survey station.
learn
Although there is more than one definition of "South Pole", the most widely accepted definition (and travel destination) is the fixed position of the Earth's rotation axis in the southern hemisphere, which is located at 90° north latitude and south latitude (longitude does not apply). The axis of the earth, as well as the position of the South Pole, are often affected by swings up to several meters, calledPolar sports. However, Antarctica is defined as the one at 90° south latitude. For practical reasons, such as keeping the coordinates stable, the precise definition of polar motion and Antarctica is only related to certain scientific activities. andArcticDifferent, it just floats onArctic OceanA piece of ice on the surface, the geographic South Pole is located on solid ground, allowing permanent research stations to be established at the poles. Although it was once an elusive target that claimed the lives of many explorers, it has been inhabited by humans since 1956 due to modern technology. The vast majority of Antarctic visitors areAmerican Antarctic ProjectAnd scientists and support staff of Antarctic research. Visit the weapons of other countries at the station. The station can now also be reached by commercial travel expeditions, although its expensive travel cost (at least US$45,000) keeps the number of private tourists very low. A metal rod is actually used to mark the South Pole, and adjustments are made every New Year's Day to explain the movement of ice around the site.
Antarctica toomagneticBy definition, all field lines of the earth’s magnetic field point upward, which is still important for navigation purposes. The South Magnetic Pole drifted at 64°31'48'' south latitude and 137°51'36'' east longitude in the Southern Ocean in 2005, moving about 10-15 kilometers per year. Because there is nothing particularly interesting, except for looking at youcompassIt does not work, it has no purpose of receiving visitors. Do not be located with 2005Dongfang StationNearby, the chaotic similar southern magnetic poles at 79.74° south latitude and 108.22° east longitude are mixed up, and they fluctuate slightly over time. The earth’s magnetic field can be compared to a powerful magnetic rod with opposite polarities. The south magnetic pole is located where the line drawn through the center of the earth that best fits the field intersects the surface of the southern hemisphere, forcing it to form a position that completely mirrors the north magnetic pole. The south magnetic pole is where the actual magnetic field lines come together, because the magnetic field is not completely symmetrical and does not conform to a straight axis. Geological evidence shows that the Earth’s magnetic field reverses every 500,000 years on average, which suggests that the magnetic poles of the north and south poles may exchange points at an unknown point in the future.
Explorers and adventurers are interested in the inaccessible pole, marking the furthest point of any geographical feature that is easily reached. The inaccessibility of Antarctica is the furthest point of any coastline in Antarctica, although the exact location is controversial due to the difficulty of determining the coastline of Antarctica: Whether to consider the rock/soil reaching sea level "solid" coastline or large-scale factors, constantly changing ice caps . Modern calculations position it at 85°50' south latitude and 65°47' east longitude.U.KAntarctic survey calculated that its location is 82°53'14'' south latitude and 55°4'30'' east longitude, only considering the land surface of Antarctica or 83°50'37'' south latitude, 65°43'30 east longitude ''When ice sheets are taken into consideration.Soviet UnionAn inaccessible Promise Power Station was built at an altitude of 82°06', 8878 kilometers away from the geographic Antarctica, and at an altitude of 3800 meters. However, the station was only occupied from December 14th to 26th, 1958, and then suspended indefinitely due to security issues because it was separated from other sites.Soviet StationToo far. Although the Soviet Union planned to visit the station shortly after that, only a few people have visited the site since then, except for those living on the roof.LeninThe bust was covered with snow. The other calculated coordinates of the Soviet station and the reachability pole are inconspicuous and, as the name suggests, difficult to reach. Only the most extreme adventurers want to cross their dream list andPassing through the most difficult-to-reach corners of Antarctica, They may be interested in visiting the inaccessible pole.
Antarctica is also very cold. The coldest natural temperature recorded on the earth’s ground was in 1983.East AntarcticaofSoviet Union(nowRussia) AntarcticaVotork(78°28' south latitude, 106°48'E east longitude) measured -89.2°C. Based on a mixed estimate of satellite and ground data, the coldest Antarctic temperature dropped to -94±4°C. In contrast, inSiberiaYakutiaofJanskThe record of -71.2°C in the cold Arctic region is tropical.
history
The first group of people who successfully reached the Antarctic were four people led by Roald Amundsen. They reached the extreme on December 14, 1911. The British team led by Robert Scott reached pole position on January 17, 1912, but died of starvation or was 11 miles from the last supply station due to insufficient supplies. On November 29, 1929, a U.S. Navy plane with two crew members flew over the pole.
Until 1956, when another U.S. Navy aircraft reached the pole, no one set foot on the South Pole again, this time landing. In the summer of 1956 or 1957, the United States built a research station as part of the International Geophysical Year, and it has been personnel ever since. The first people to arrive "on land" (with limited air support) were Edmund Hillary and Vivian Fuchs, who respectively arrived at Patriot Hill in January 1958: Antarctica's first privately supported logistics camp. In 1987, a path was opened for those who entered the Antarctic on an expedition without government support. From the summer of 2010 to 2011, the company operating Patriot Mountain moved to the new Union Glacier Camp, which has a blue ice (particularly sturdy) runway that allows large wheeled freighters to arrive from South America and accommodate twin otters and Basler Take the BT-67 ski lift to the South Pole.
climate
People might say that the climate in Antarctica has always been cold, but that is not the case. It is the highest temperature in the cold in December, with an average temperature of about -28°C. However, in July the temperature can drop to -80°C (note that there are no "day highs" or "night lows" in these figures because the sun will only rise once a year).
Snow is scarce in Antarctica. Since the weather system rarely penetrates into inland Antarctica, because the temperature is often too low, it's desert conditions. However, the existing snow does drift, with an average wind speed of 12 knots (at these temperatures, calculating the wind chill factor is meaningless).
Antarctica is the coldest and windiest continent on earth, so such expeditions are bound to bring danger. Weird snowstorms and white conditions (both caused by strong winds) may affect Antarctic expeditions and bury the Antarctic markings in the ceremony (they usually have to be flattened out of the snow).
landscape
The terrain around Antarctica is always flat. If left undisturbed, the ice is fluid enough to settle to a flat surface, and there is no geological activity on the rocks below, and there is no rainfall to corrode it.
arrive
Antarctica (for obvious reasons) is the least visited continent on Earth, while Antarctica (because it cannot be accessed by sea) is the least visited place in Antarctica with the name "open to tourism". Antarctica can passJack F. Paulus SkiwayEnter, the ski trail is open every summer from October to February. As the name suggests, only airplanes equipped with skis can land here.
All expeditions are carried out from November to February, during the summer/daytime in Antarctica, and during the most unfavourable times. They usually start fromChileorCape TownSouth endSouth AfricaofPunta ArenasLaunch, stop atAntarcticaEllsworth MountainsofAlliance Glacier Camp. Then arrive at Antarctica as a day trip, and calculate the exact time of the trip based on weather conditions (may be chosen a few hours before leaving Union Glacier Camp). Some expeditions keep travelers away from the pole, allowing them to complete on ice.
Union Glacier Camp is owned and operated by Antarctic Logistics and Adventure Company (ALE), which has purchased Adventure Network International (ANI). As the logistic needs to reach Antarctica require an Antarctic base/camp, ALE/ANI is currently the only company operating private flights to Antarctica (for that matter, the same goes for other parts of the interior of Antarctica). Other travel agencies offer trips in cooperation with ANI, some just market ANI trips as their own products, and other travelers combine their own Antarctic experience (such as visitingRussiaorFranceResearch station or visit penguin colony) and stay in Union Glacier Camp and South Pole, the latter is operated by ANI.
- Adventure Network International(ANI). Several flights are provided each year, combined with accommodation in Union Glacier camp and a day trip, spending a few hours in Antarctica, at a cost of 45,000 USD per person (summer 2013-14). Overnight in Antarctica, two days in Antarctica, and 4 days in Union Glacier, for a total of 48,500 USD (January 4-10, 2014). Guided hiking trips to Antarctica skiing are also offered. From the coast toPolandThe total distance of 1170 kilometers, an estimated 65 days of skiing time, about 7-9 hours a day, to tow 110-130 pounds (50-60 kg) of sledges, the privilege price is more than 64,000 US dollars (summer 2013-14) . Or, you can cheat and fly midway with the "Skiing Last Degree" package. In this case, you only need to ski for about two weeks and only pay $53,450 (summer 2013 to summer 2014).
- Arctic Odysseys. Provide 7/8-day excursions to Antarctica, includingPolandOne day trip ($42,000, summer 2012-13).
- Icetrek. Provide a week-long trip fromChilePunta ArenasSet off atPolandOne day stay, 3-4 days in Union Glacier ($42950, summer 2012-13 years); fromSouth AfricaCape TownDeparting for 13-day trip, visiting penguins in coastal camps and one-day trip toPoland(37,000 euros; 2012 summer to 2013); 13-day "last degree skiing" expedition (55,900 USD; 2012 summer-13); 51-day ski expedition from the coast to Poland (56,950 USD; 2012 summer- 13).
- Northwest Passage. Provide two weeks of adventure skiing, the last time to ski to the polar regions. 37,500 dollars.
- Polar-Quest. Provide 6/7 days travel by plane to Antarctica. You fromPunta ArenasFly toUnion Glacier, And will go to Antarctica for a day trip. $49,750.
South Pole Traverse (or McMurdo-South Pole Highway) is a 1,600-kilometer "highway" fromRoss SeaofMcMurdo StationGo to the South Pole Station. It is just compacted snow, with cracks filled and marked with flags. It can only be transported by special tractors and sledges, and fuels and supplies are provided to Antarctica every season.
Walk around
The area of interest around the pole is very compact and can be easily walked from one part to the other. When transporting on skis or using bases, venture further afield.
go sightseeing
- There is one at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole StationCeremony Antarctica, Consisting of red and white metal balls on the rod, partlyAntarctic TreatySurrounded by flags of the signatories. Although it is very suitable for taking pictures, it is about 300 meters away from the exact location of Antarctica.
- The geographical South Pole is marked by a rod with a simpler head. The head is made of brass and is designed and molded on site. The ice block where the observation station is located moves about 10 meters each year, and a new mark is added to a small ceremony each year. The journals of Roald Amundsen and Robert F. Scott also cited a sign, these two journals were the leaders of the two previous expeditions to Antarctica (Scott’s party arrived 34 days after Amundsen and returned Passed away on the way).
- There are three generations of buildings on the site: old wooden piles, the original wooden station, built in 1956, abandoned in 1975, and now covered by drifting snow, entry is forbidden for safety reasons. The metal sun dome was built in the early 1970s with a width of 50 meters and a height of 16 meters. Several modular buildings were enclosed, but it was decommissioned in 2008 and completely demolished in 2009-2010. After being covered by snow, the place it previously occupied is now almost indistinguishable. The brown elevated station started in 1999 and was built on stilts with a modular structure to prevent snow from accumulating around it. The semi-cylindrical metal "arch" next to the dome is used for storage, power plant and workshop. They are connected to the main station by a 6-story unheated metal tower, which is officially called the "vertical tower" on the drawing. , But called "beer cans" around the station.
- A "visitor center" was erected on the site to meet the needs of the few tourists received by the base. It was opened in response to pressure from visitors to allow entry into the official research building, which is technically prohibited. The center is nothing but a small tent-like structure.
Do
- Ask the staff to carry outtravel。
- Frisbee golf, "holes" are set around the base, you can play Frisbee golf... if you can accept this temperature!
Shopping
There is a small gift shop in the station.
Dining 
Although there is a base on site, visitors need to bring their own food.
drink
Since the pole is completely covered by a huge ice sheet, those with the ability to melt ice should not worry about lack of water.
sleep
Although they are not used to receiving tourists, the Antarctic Aurora facilities can provide shelter in case the weather prevents you from returning to base at the end of the day. Visitors are expected to bring their own accommodation facilities: basically, you will camp in special extremely cold tents and sleeping bags.
stay healthy
All health and safety consultations in Antarctica generally apply to the polar regions.
Although the ground in Antarctica is close to sea level, the thick ice at the site makes the station a height of 2,835 meters. And due to the rotation of the earth, the atmosphere becomes thinner in the polar regions, and the air pressure is more like an altitude of 3,300 meters. Therefore, in addition to preparing for the cold and dry air, traveling to the polar regions also needs to adapt to high altitude travel (see entryMountain sickness). The altitude also makes the risk of ultraviolet radiation even greater than the Antarctic coast.
Next stop
All visitors to Antarctica must go north from there because that’sLiterallyThe only direction you can go. There is no destination nearby.