- See:European history
Federation of Soviet Socialist Republics,akaSoviet Union, Disintegrated in 1991. Many former Soviet republics are stillIndependent National AssociationPart of. With more than 22 million square kilometers, covering one-sixth of the earth's area, it is still the country with the widest territory in the history of mankind.
Traces of mighty power still exist in the world, and its former citizens still strongly agree with or resist it.
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history
- For more details, please seeRussian EmpirewithFirst world war。
The Soviet Union originated from the Russian Revolution in 1917. After the overthrow of the Tsarist government in the Russian Empire, the Provisional Government was established. However, after only less than 8 months in power, the Bolsheviks quickly seized power from the Provisional Government and dissolved Russia’s constitution by force after the election. The meeting was called the October Revolution and the January Upheaval. After the civil war in Russia, the Red Army led by the Bolsheviks defeated the White Army and the armed intervention of the Allies, the Soviet Union in December 1922Russia、Belarus、UkraineIt merged with Transcaucasus and other Soviet Socialist Republics to form the Soviet Union.
After the death of the first Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin in 1924, Joseph Stalin won a series of power struggles and gained leadership. Stalin used the planned economy as a guarantee to promote large-scale heavy industrialization, but he also carried out many large-scale purges, resulting in more than one million people being killed in political struggles.
Second World War
In World War II, the Soviet Union first and the NazisGermanyFormed an alliance and partitioned with Germany in 1939Poland,willBaltic StatesIncorporate into territory, cut offRomaniaTerritory, returning German political refugees in exile in the Soviet Union to the Nazis. On June 22, 1941, the Soviet Union was invaded by Axis powers such as Germany. After four years of fierce warfare, it won the victory.AmericaTogether they became the two most powerful countries in the world at the time. They were called superpowers. At the same time they repelled the invading German forces and sent troops to control most of the countries in Eastern Europe.
cold war
- See:Cold War Europe
Although the Soviet Union's Constitution stipulates that the Soviet Union is a federal state consisting of 15 equal rights Soviet Socialist Republics (joint republics) in accordance with the principle of voluntary union, its federal government is highly concentrated and pursues the world's first complete society. The socialist system and planned economic policy are governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
The Warsaw Pact (Warsaw Pact) formed by the Soviet Union and satellite countries, and IsraelAmericaThe North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) headed by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) confronted each other. During the Cold War, the two military groups launched ideological confrontations and political struggles around the world. In the early 1980s, the Soviet Union's national power had fallen behind the United States, and economic growth slowed down. The Soviet Union is also the only "country" in the United Nations with three votes. At the end of the 1980s, the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev tried to carry out a reform policy to liberalize and democratize the country, and relax control of other satellite countries such as Eastern Europe. However, the Soviet Union was disintegrated in 1991. The Russian Federation led by Yeltsin, who was victorious in the struggle, inherited the main military, economic and international status of the Soviet Union.
Republic and Territory
The Soviet Union is made up of fifteen Soviet republics, all of which are independent today. The Soviet Union has been disintegrated for more than two decades, but there are still many conflicts in the region; among them, there are four large de facto independent countries.
1. Armenia; 2. Azerbaijan; 3. Belarus; 4. Estonia; 5. Georgia; 6. Kazakhstan; 7. Kyrgyz; 8. Latvia; 9. Lithuania; 10. Moldova; 11. Russia; 12. Tajik; 13. Turkmenistan; 14. Ukraine; 15. Uzbek
Russia
Russia is the main republic of the Soviet Union. With more than half of its population and most of its territory, Russia can be described as its natural successor.
- Crimea(includeSevastopoFederal cities) are disputed territories between Russia and Ukraine, but since 2014In factAlready under the jurisdiction of Russia. Since the Soviet era, the majority of the local population has been Russians, and the Russian Black Sea Fleet has also been stationed there.
- Kaliningrad Region YesRussiaIn the outer enclave of Central Europe.
Belarus
With a cultural heritage similar to that of Russia, Belarus has always been Moscow's closest ally. Belarus today is led by Alexander Lukashenko, who is regarded as the last dictator in Europe.
Ukraine
KievOnce the capital of the Russian nation-state, it can be described as the predecessor of Russia. However, Ukraine and Muscovy (the predecessor of Russia) have been in tension for hundreds of years. Ukraine worked very hard during the Soviet period; before that, although Ukraine was the richest large farm in Europe, it still suffered from two world wars and the great famine of the 1930s, and what followed was the massacre of the German invasion of World War II. Perhaps, Ukraine’s most far-reaching Soviet heritage was leaked in 1986.ChernobNuclear Power Plant. Since 2014, Russia has taken control of Crimea and supported the armed forces of Eastern Ukraine.
Baltic States
The Baltic States wereRussian EmpirePart of but enjoyed independence after the Russian Revolution untilWorld War IIbreak out. They have been invaded three times; the Soviet Union in 1940, Nazi Germany in 1941, and the Soviet Union invaded again from 1944 to 1945. They have a relatively strong national identity among the many Soviet republics. Under the decades-long anti-Soviet occupation movement of the Forest Brothers, the Baltic States became the first countries to leave the Soviet Union and did not join the Independent National Association. Today, they areEuropean UnionThe member states of NATO are more closely integrated with Western Europe than any other country in the former Soviet Union. Relations with Russia, the country's internal affairs, and the domestic Russian-speaking minority group showed tensions after the Ukrainian crisis in 2014.
Central Asia
This area is a country ruled by Tsarist Russia in the 19th century. Of course, there have been strong protests here. There are quite a lot of ethnic Russian immigrants (some of them left after independence). Russian is widespread, but the local language, culture andIslamicReligion is very active.
Caucasus
Due to the complex geographic location and the ethnic diversity of the Caucasus, the large groups of people relocated by the Soviet government (some forced, some voluntarily) have aggravated some ethnic conflicts in the country, which have not stopped until today. On the other hand, Turkey and Russia are also very tense and arguing about the Caucasus. On the other hand, Russia does not trust the dark past in order to gain control of the region (especially in the Armenian genocide and the 1915 Armenian Genocide). The terrible period of Stalin's reign).
Balkans
- Moldova: Most people are culturally and linguistically similar to Romania, but there are some pro-Russians and a few Turkic ethnic groups. It is also one of the poorest countries in Europe.
- Along the Nest RiverFor a nation-state that practices socialism, many aesthetics from the Soviet period still exist.
Language
RussianIt was once the lingua franca of the Soviet Union. Most of the citizens of the former Soviet Union who were born before the 1980s have received Russian education in schools, and there are still minorities who speak Russian in various countries. However, most former Soviet republics have complicated relations with Russia and Russian-speaking minorities.
Even in Russia itself, there are many ethnic groups whose mother tongue is not Russian.