Algeria - Algérie

Algeria (Arabic: الجزائر International Phonetic Alphabet [ɛlʤɛˈzɛːʔir], Berber (Tamazight): Lz̦ayer [ldzæjər], Vietnamese transliteration: "Anger", Sino-Vietnamese transliteration: "Aur". Egypt"), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in North Africa, and the largest country on the continent. Africa (Sudan Bigger but divided into 2 countries Sudan and Nam Sudan). It shares borders with Tunisia to the northeast, Libya to the east, Nigeria southeast, Mali and Mauritania to the southwest, and Morocco as well as a few kilometers of dependent territory, Western Sahara, to the west. According to the constitution, the country is identified as a Muslim, Arab and Amazigh (Berber) country. The name "Algérie" comes from the name of the city of Algiers, and officially from the Arabic al-jazā'ir, meaning "island", referring to the four islands located off the coast of the city before they became became part of the continent in 1525. But perhaps most accurately the word "Algiers" comes from Ziriya Bani MazGhana (used by medieval geographers such as al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi) to refer to its founder King Ziri Amazigh (city of Ziri Amazigh), who founded the medieval city of Algiers. Unfortunately, to hide the Amazigh origin of the Algerian name against the Arab national policy of the Algerian governments, this Amazigh origin is not recognized.

overview

History

Algeria has been inhabited by the Berbers (or Imazighen) since at least 10,000 BC. From 1000 BC onwards, the Carthaginians began to exert influence here, establishing settlements along the coast. Berber kingdoms began to emerge, most famously Numidia, taking advantage of the opportunity following the Punic Wars to become independent from Carthage but were soon captured by the Roman Republic in 200 BC. With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Berbers once again regained their independence while the Vandals occupied many other regions until they were expelled from the area by the generals of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. After that, the Byzantine Empire temporarily controlled the eastern part of the country until the arrival of the Arabs in the 8th century.

Trajan's Roman Dome at Thamugadi (Timgad), Algeria After some decades of intense resistance under the leadership of Kusayla and Kahina, the Berbers adopted Islam en masse (by majority), but almost immediately pivoted. exported the umayyad Caliphate from Algeria, establishing an Ibadi state of the Rustamids. Having converted the Kabylie Kutama to their own, the Fatima Shia overthrew the Rustamids, and conquered Egypt. They left Algeria and Tunisia to their Zirid vassals; Later the Zirids rebelled and followed the line of Sunni Islam, they assimilated with a populous Arab tribe, the Banu Hilal, to weaken that tribe, but that suddenly led to Arabization. countryside. Almoravid and Almohad, the Berber dynasties from the west founded by religious reformers brought about a period of relative stability and development; with the fall of the Almohads, however, Algeria became a battleground for the next three nations, the Zayyanids of Algeria, the Hafsids of Tunisia, and the Marinids of Morocco. During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Spain began attacking many coastal cities, seeking to entice support from the Ottoman Empire.

Algeria was included in the Ottoman Empire by Khair ad-Din and his brother Aruj, who established Algeria's modern borders to the north and turned the country's coast into a base for pirates; Pirates flourished in the 1600s. The plunder of American merchant ships in the Mediterranean led to the First and Second Berber Wars with the United States. Under the pretext of contempt for its Consul, France invaded Algiers in 1830; however, numerous resistances waged by individuals such as Emir Abdelkader, Ahmed Bey and Fatma N'Soumer slowed the French conquest of Algeria, technically completed only in the late 1900s when Tuareg was finally conquered.

Constantine, Algeria 1840 However, while France made Algeria part of its territory, this situation only ended with the collapse of the Fourth Republic. Tens of thousands of settlers from France, Italy, Spain and Malta came to live on farms on the Algerian coastal plain and occupied most of the dominant zones in Algeria's cities, taking advantage of the expropriation of French community-owned land, and the application of new agricultural technologies to increase arable land. Descendants of the Europeans of Algeria (known as "black feet" - Pieds-Noirs), as well as those of Algerian Jewish descent (often of Sephardic origin), becoming real French citizens began. from the end of the 19th century; on the contrary, the majority of Algerian Muslims (even veterans of the French army) do not receive French citizenship nor the right to vote. The Algerian social fabric was pushed to the extreme during this period: literacy rates fell, while the nationalization of the land made many people homeless. However, the population is still increasing steadily [4].

In 1954, the National Liberation Front (sometimes known as the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN)) began a war for Algerian independence; after nearly a decade of fighting both in the cities and in the countryside. village, they succeeded in ousting France in 1962. The majority of the 1,025,000 "black-legged", as well as 91,000 "harki" (Algerie Muslims who supported France in the French army), made up about 10% of Algeria's population in 1962 emigrated to France in the middle of that year.

Geography

Algeria is located in North Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, and Nigeria, Mali, Mauritania, to the east by Tunisia and Libya, to the west by Morocco. The territory is divided into three consecutive natural geographical regions from north to south: the narrow coastal plains are discontinuous, interspersed with the hilly Atlas Tell region, suitable for the development of wheat and other crops. south of the Atlas Tell range are vast plateaus dotted with salt lakes, an area favorable for sheep farming and olive cultivation. The southern region is part of the Sahara, which accounts for 80% of the land. area of ​​the country, where there is huge potential for oil, gas and many other valuable minerals. Most of the coast has many hills, sometimes even mountain ranges, and there are few good harbors. The area just south of the coast, known as the Tell, is quite fertile. Further south are the Atlas Mountains and the Sahara Desert. Algiers, Oran and Constantine are major cities. The climate of Algeria is arid and hot, although the climate on the coast is quite pleasant, winters in the mountains can be very harsh. Algeria has a lot of hot and humid winds, a type of dust and sand-carrying wind that is especially common in the summer.

Region

City

• Algiers With nearly 3 million inhabitants, Algiers is the capital of Algeria, and the political and cultural center of the nation.

• Annaba - A town with 200,000 inhabitants in the east of the country next to the border of Tunisia.

• Batna

• Bechar - small city in the Sahara, not far from the Moroccan border.

• Constantine

• Oran - Algeria's 2nd largest city after Algiers, also known as Algeria's "second Paris", with many impressive colonial buildings.

• Setif - The center of Kabyle with fairly mild temperatures and occasional snowfall in winter.

• Tamanrasset - the largest city in the south and the starting point for expeditions to the Sahara Desert and the Hoggar Mountains.

Other destinations

• Roman Ruins at Timgad outside Batna
• El-Oued with its dome architecture and Grand Erg Oriental nearby-the second largest dune area of ​​the Sahara
• Hippo Regius, an ancient city of Numidia that was once an early center of Christianity with well-preserved baths and forums
• The amazing architecture M'zab Valley
• Tassili N'Ajjer

Arrive

Visa

Citizens of ordinary passports of Vietnam Visa on arrival is free of charge.

Visa

Visa Guide

If you have questions about the status of your visa application, please contact the visa office from Monday to Thursday from 9:00 to 11:00.

• Please read the instructions carefully before filling out the forms. Answer all questions on the form and fill out all sections of the form. For example, if your parents passed away, give them their names. Do not leave the section blank or simply write "Dead".
• Both forms must have the original signature of the applicant.
• Please note that the old visa forms will not be accepted to apply for a visa. Only use new application forms. Any submissions that use an old form will be rejected.
• Applications must be filled on the screen only. No handwriting will be accepted 20FORM% 2018-02-2005.pdf

Visa Requirements

1. Enter your passport when you apply for a visa and please attach two passport pictures (stickers or pins) with two forms, one on each form. Passport must be valid for at least 06 months from the date of entry into Algeria.

2. A non-refundable order (individual) paid to the order of the Algerian Embassy in the amount of $ 135 for US citizens. All other nationals must check with the Visas Department for applicable requirements and fees.

3. Business visa applicants must include an official paper letter from their employer stating the purpose of their visit, and their full name and contact address in Algeria. Applicants must submit with their applications a letter of invitation from the Algerian company they intend to visit.

4. Applicants for a work visa must submit with their visa application a work permit provided by the Ministry of Labor of Algeria. The Embassy will not accept any fax or private mailing rights.

5. Applying for a Tourist Visa must submit an itinerary of their air travel and a confirmed hotel reservation in Algeria.

6. Family/Guest Visa: Applicants must provide with their applications an invitation from their host in Algeria and notarize at the city hall of the host Algeria's residence. The Embassy will not accept invitations by fax or sent separately.

Spouses of Algerian citizens need to submit a copy of their spouse's valid Consular registration card and sponsorship letter signed by the Algerian spouse.

Return of Passport: Applicants can pick up their passport at the Embassy or send a prepaid self-settlement envelope. The Embassy is not responsible for the loss or delay of documents by the post office or other visa service.

Important:

-All documents are required. Any adequate documentation may extend the processing time or return the applicant at original cost.-Processing of an application may be delayed, if the prior agreement of the Algerian authorities is required. tie. Furthermore, the Embassy reserves the right to request additional documents from any applicant. It is not the responsibility of the Embassy if there is any delay in processing the visa application.-Applicants must arrange travel to Algeria based on the date of entry indicated on their visa. . Applicants should not arrive in Algeria before that date, they will not be allowed in. In the event of a change in travel plans, applicants must obtain a new visa.

Citizens of the following countries can travel visa-free: Ecuador, Guinea, Haiti, Jordan, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Morocco, Mauritania, Montenegro, Syria, Tunisia, Yemen.

Citizens of the following countries can obtain a visa on arrival: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Georgia, Indonesia, Kenya, Laos, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nepal, Zambia, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda.

By air

The biggest European airlines such as (Lufthansa, Air Berlin, British Airways, Air France, Iberia, Alitalia, TAP Portugal, Turkish Airlines) fly daily to Algiers but also some long-haul routes like (Beijing) , New York, Montreal, Doha)

From the UK flying through Barcelona or Madrid can be cheaper than flying directly. From the US the cheapest way to get to Algiers is via London (British Airways), Paris (Air France) or Frankfurt (Lufthansa).

National Airlines Air Algeria flies to many destinations in Europe especially France but also to several cities in Africa and the Middle East. All Air Algerie service points from Algiers: Abijan, Alicante, Bamako, Barcelona, ​​Brussels, Basel, Beijing, Beirut, Berlin, Cairo, Casablanca, Dakar, Damascus, Dubai, Frankfurt, Geneva, Istanbul, London , Madrid, Milan, Montreal, Moscow, New York JFK, Niamey, Paris, Rome, Tripoli, Tunis.For more information about Algiers airports check the official website Aeroport d'Alger.

By train

By car

By bus

By boat

Go

Visit

Similar to Libya, the Algerian tourism industry is known for its ancient ruins, mainly works of the Phoenician, Roman and Byzantine periods. Some of the most famous works include Timgad near the Batna,Hippo Regius in Annaba,Djemila in Setif, Calama in Guelma, and ruins from all three empires at Tipasa.

While better known for its Roman ruins, Algeria's greatest tourist potential lies in Sahara, there is simply no other country in the world that can offer these kinds of exciting and exotic adventures around the great desert. The five interconnected cities are a monumental architectural playground evoking modern cubism and surrealist art. But the following landscape is dramatic: the harsh, jagged Sahara Atlas mountains, the endless desert and the mountainous Hoggar surrounding the country's desert capital. Tamanrasset, the Grand Erg Oriental sand dune area at El-Oued, and the ancient stone carvings of Djelfa and the Sahara Desert National Park of Tassili N'Ajjer.

Language

The largest and official language of Algeria, Arabic, is the mother tongue in the vernacular form ("Darja") of 80% of the population and, like the entire Arab world, is spoken. used as a variant of modern Standard Arabic in the mass media and on official ceremonial occasions. About 20% of the population, who consider themselves Berber or Imazighen, have a native language that is not Arabic but a type of Tamazight dialect. However, many Algerians are fluent in both languages. Arabic is Algeria's only official language, although Tamazight has recently been recognized as a national language along with it. Ethnographic research shows that there are 18 languages ​​in Algeria, divided into two main groups, Arabic and Tamazight, in addition to Korandje. Politically, the issue of language is quite sensitive, especially for the Berber minority, which became vulnerable after the country accepted Arabization. Language policy and Arabization are in part a response to the fact that 130 years of French colonization have left the country with both its administration and higher education entirely in French, as well as French. the push of Arab nationalism by successive governments in Algeria. French remains the most learned of all foreign languages, and is widely spoken (far ahead of a second foreign language). English), but is rarely considered a mother tongue. Since independence, the government has pursued a policy of Arabization of the language of education and administration, with some success, although many university curricula are still taught in French.

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