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Istanbul, Turkey's most populous, economically and socio-culturally the most important city.
understand
Istanbul is in the northwest of Turkey, along the Marmara coast and the Bosphorus, EstuaryIt was established to surround the . The city ranks 34th in the world in terms of economic size, first in Europe in terms of population, and sixth in the world after Lagos, according to the ranking made by considering the municipal boundaries. During the development and growth process, the city has 39 districts, which were expanded 4 times as the walls were built each time by advancing further to the west. Within its borders, there are a total of 40 municipalities including the metropolitan municipality. Black Sea with Marmara Seaconnecting and Asia with Europeseparating the BosphorusThe geopolitical importance of Istanbul is quite high, as it hosts the .
Intercity Transportation
Since Istanbul is still the center of Turkey in many respects, transportation is extremely easy.
Airline
There are two civil airports in Istanbul, namely Istanbul Airport and Sabiha Gökçen Airport. However, there is no metro to either airport. For this reason, you can reach anywhere you want with the airport buses. However, the Istanbul Airport metro is planned to open in April 2021. By the way, Istanbul Airport will be the largest airport in the world when all stages are completed.
Railway
TCDD's high-speed train PendikIt goes up to. From here via Marmaray CyclicYou can watch without streaming.
Highway
Esenler Bus Station, the largest bus station in Europe, Bayrampasa is located within the boundaries of the district. However, this is expected to be closed in a few years. Alibeykoypocket bus station in Thrace Silivri Bus Station is an alternative bus station for those coming from the side. In addition to Isr Harem on the Anatolian side, there is the Gebze Bus Station used by those living on the Ataşehir Dudullu, Samandıra, Sultanbeyli and Pendik-Tuzla line.
Seaway
IDO and BUDO with Istanbul Bursa organizes trips. IDO also Yalova, with pear and Dipis going to IDO's main piers Yenikapi and Pendik
Urban Transportation
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In addition to the metro, tram and metrobus buses operated by IETT and Istanbul Transportation[296], minibuses and sea buses and ferries operated by IDO are also used for urban transportation in the province.
Metro
Istanbul metro is Turkey's first and largest metro network. The system is operated by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. The system, which was opened in 1989, has five metro lines, namely M1, M2, M3, M4 and M6. The length of the site is 95 km. Construction and extension works of 4 lines and five existing lines are also ongoing.
Marmaray
The Marmaray Project, the foundations of which were laid in 2004, was completed in late 2013. It connects the European and Asian sides under the Bosphorus. Marmaray is a Eurotunnel-like railway in the English Channel. In addition, there are also transfer connections to the Istanbul metro.
Tram
It starts with the construction of Tunnel Facilities. In 1871, the company started transportation on four lines as a horse-drawn tram. These lines were Azapkapı - Galata, Aksaray - Yedikule, Aksaray - Topkapı and Eminönü - Aksaray and 4.5 million people were transported in the first year. New lines were added in the following years. On these lines, 430 horses and 45 tram cars were working on the railway with 1 meter line width. In 1912, the horse-drawn tram stopped working for a year because the Ministry of Defense sent all the horses to the front during the Balkan War. The tram network was electrified with catenary-free wire on February 2, 1914. On 8 June 1928, the first tram line on the Anatolian Side started to operate between Üsküdar and Kısıklı. By the 1950s, the length of tram lines had reached 130 km. In 1956, it experienced its peak years with 270 trains on 56 lines and 108 million passengers. After the May 27 Revolution, the tram service in the city began to be closed. The lines were dismantled and instead roads were built where motor vehicles could move faster and faster under the conditions of that day. The old trams continued to serve on the European side of the city until 12 August 1961 and on the Anatolian side until 14 November 1966.
T1 (Bağcılar - Kabataş) Tram Line, which was put into service between Aksaray - Beyazıt-Kapalıçarşı on 13 June 1992, is the first tram line to come into service in Istanbul in a modern sense. Today, there are 5 (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5) tram lines operated by Metro Istanbul.
IETT
Public transportation by bus in Istanbul started in 1926 with four Renault-Scania buses between Beyazıt and Karaköy. IETT fleet increased to 9 buses in 1942, 16 buses in 1955 and 525 buses in 1960.
Istanbul Electric Tramway and Tunnel Enterprises (IETT), which provides public transportation services in Istanbul under the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, started public transportation by bus in Istanbul in 1926 with four Renault-Scania buses between Beyazıt and Karaköy. IETT fleet increased to 9 buses in 1942, 16 buses in 1955 and 525 buses in 1960.
IETT is responsible for the management, execution and supervision of Private Public Buses and Istanbul Transportation Inc., as well as bus, tram and tunnel management. IETT also undertook the construction of some of the rail systems (Metro, Light Metro) in Istanbul (Eminönü - Kabataş, Sultançiftliği - Edirnekapı, Edirnekapı - Topkapı, Otogar - Başakşehir).
Metrobus
The total length of the system, which consists of a two-lane road reserved for it in the middle of the D-100 Highway on the Söğütlüçeşme - Beylikdüzü Sondurak (TÜYAP) route, is 40 km. In the system, which consists of a total of 44 stations, 37 of which are on the European side and 7 on the Anatolian side, metrobus vehicles pass over the 15 July Martyrs Bridge and connect the European and Anatolian sides of the city. There are 9 different lines operating between different stations in the system where the services are carried out on a single road without interruption.
The system, whose construction works started in May 2006, took its current form at the end of four different stages. The first stage, planned to be between Topkapı and Avcılar on the European side, was put into operation on September 17, 2007 between Topkapı and Küçükçekmece due to the inability to complete the arrangements on the section going to Avcılar. With the opening of the section going to Avcılar on October 12, the first phase was completed. The second stage, Topkapı - Zincirlikuyu, was put into service on 8 September 2008. The third stage, which was put into service on March 3, 2009, was connected to each other via the 15 July Martyrs Bridge between Zincirlikuyu and Söğütlüçeşme, and thus the metrobus was extended to the Anatolian Side. The last stage was again in the direction of Beylikdüzü on the European side and the system was extended to Beylikdüzü Sondurak (TÜYAP) on 19 July 2012. Today, Metrobus carries an average of 800,000 people per day.
bridges
The first bridge attempt in history in Istanbul belongs to Persian King Darius I. In the time of the Ottomans, II. After Beyazıt's attempt failed, II. Mahmud built a wooden bridge between Unkapanı and Azapkapı on the Golden Horn in 1836. This bridge was called Hayratiye Bridge.
- Eminönü-Karaköy Bridges
After Hayratiye, the second bridge is the one that Abdülmecid had built in 1845. This Golden Horn bridge is the first toll bridge built between Galata and Eminönü.
The third Golden Horn bridge was built in 1863 during the reign of Abdulaziz. The sultan, who had a new bridge built in iron-weighted structure in 1875, died before it could be inaugurated. II. The new bridge, which was opened during the reign of Abdülhamid, was also a pontoon, and this bridge collapsed in 1936 after working in Eminönü for 37 years and Unkapanı for 24 years.
The fourth bridge was opened on April 27, 1912, during the reign of Sultan Reşat. A German firm built the 466 m long and 25 m wide bridge for 250,000 gold liras. There were shops and piers under the bridge.
The fifth bridge is today's iron bridge. It was opened by the then Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel on 17 June 1992, after the Reşat Bridge was burned.
- Unkapani Bridges
Hayratiye worked until 1875 after the opening of the first bridge, called Mahmudiye, in 1836. In 1875, Abdülaziz's bridge was opened. This bridge was used until 1912. The third bridge was the old Galata bridge, which collapsed in 1936. In 1940, today's iron Unkapanı Bridge was built. This fourth bridge is also called Atatürk Bridge.
- Ayvansaray-Halıcıoğlu Bridge
The bridge, called the Golden Horn Bridge, was built in 1974, after the trial during the reign of Abdülaziz. It is the product of Turkish-Japanese-German cooperation. It is 995 m long, 32 m wide, and 22 m high. This bridge was expanded in the 1980s and 1990s.
- Bosphorus Bridges
- 15 July Martyrs Bridge
15 July Martyrs Bridge, formerly the Bosphorus Bridge, or the First Bridge, referring to the fact that it was the first bridge to be built on the Bosphorus; It is one of the three suspension bridges on the Bosphorus, which connects the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara. The feet of the bridge are in Ortaköy on the European side and Beylerbeyi on the Anatolian side. It is 1560 m long.
- Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge
Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge is the suspension bridge between Kavacık and Hisarüstü in Istanbul, connecting Asia and Europe for the second time. Its length between the anchor blocks is 1,510 m, its middle span is 1,090 m, its width is 39 m, and its height from the sea is 64 m.
- Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge or Third Bosphorus Bridge is a bridge built on the northern side of the Bosphorus, facing the Black Sea. It was named after the ninth Ottoman sultan and the first Ottoman caliph, Selim I. The route of the bridge is located in the Garipçe neighborhood of Sarıyer on the European side and the Poyrazköy neighborhood of Beykoz on the Anatolian side. It is 1875 m long.
Eurasia Tunnel
The Eurasia tunnel or the Bosphorus Highway Tube Crossing Project is a highway tunnel that connects the Asian and European sides, whose foundation was laid on February 26, 2011, under the sea floor on the route of Kumkapı on Kennedy Caddesi and Koşuyolu on the D-100 Highway and allows the passage of the Bosphorus. The total route is 14.6 kilometers with tunnels and connection roads.
See
Istanbul has hosted many civilizations throughout history. In particular, it served as the capital of the Ottoman Empire for centuries. That's why there are so many historical artifacts in it. Istanbul's historical sites are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
- Bosphorus
- Istanbul Walls
- Dolmabahçe Palace
- Beylerbeyi Palace
- Estuary
- Galata tower
- Maiden's Tower
- Taksim square
- Sultanahmet Square
- Beyazit Square
- Gulhane Park
- The Hagia Sophia Mosque
- Suleymaniye Mosque
- Eyüp Sultan Mosque
- Camlica Mosque
- Istiklal Street
- Grand Bazaar
- The Egyptian Bazaar
- Emirgan Grove
Eat/Drink
Since Istanbul is a metropolitan city, it has become multicultural with the immigrations it has received. With this, the cuisine has also been enriched. In Istanbul simitis a widely consumed street food. in bagel shops fork A type of donut called a donut is also sold. Tuckshop The halls called "Halls" spread throughout Istanbul. Here Sariyer pastry or Kurdish pastry You can eat. Casserole Do not pass without tasting the pita called pita. On top of these, EminonuYou can have a cup of coffee at Kurukahveci Mehmet Efendi in Istanbul, and buy Haci Bekir Turkish delight to sweeten your mouth.