Norway - 挪威

Norway（English: Norway;Norwegian: Norge) is the most westward and northeast among the three Scandinavian countries, and surprisingly, it is also the most easterly. Norway is famous for the intricate deep fjords, midnight sun and northern lights along its western coastline. Mainland Norway is close to Denmark andScotlandThe North Sea extends to the north withFinlandBordering on a small part of the northeast withRussiaBordering on the east for a long stretch ofSwedenborder. Norway also includes Svalbard.

area

city

• Oslo -Norway’s capital and largest city has important national museums, beautiful surroundings, rich nightlife and cultural landscapes.
• Bergen – Former capital, Norway’s second largest city, the ancient Hanseatic League trade center, rich in culture and vivid landscapes. The wooden buildings are very beautiful, the mountain views are magnificent, the night life is diverse, and the atmosphere is rich. It is the gateway to the Westfjords. Known as the "Rain Capital of Europe", it rains on average 250 days a year, so remember to bring an umbrella.
• Bode -Is going to be prettyLofotenThe gateway to the archipelago and the strongest vortex in the worldSaltstraumenlocation.
• Drammen – It used to be a working city and messy, but after a recent renovation, it is a good choice to visit Drammen from Oslo by the way.
• Fredrikstad – Compared with other ordinary cities, it is a beautiful old town. A day trip from Oslo is very good.
• Kristiansand – The capital of Southern Norway, very pleasant.
• Stavanger – Norway’s fourth largest city and third largest urban area. Because of the petroleum industry, it is very important in business. The wooden and cobblestone city centre is one of Norway’s most fascinating places. The birthplace of Norwegian medieval churches, you can visit Iron Age houses, Stone Age caves and the place where the Viking Kings met Ullandhaugtårnet. Stavanger is also the birthplace of Eric the Redbeard.
• Tromso -Stately modern church, of course, there are no polar bears roaming the streets.
• Trondheim – It is famous for its beautiful church (Nidaros Cathedral). The beautiful riverside wharf, wooden buildings and the best student nightlife endow the beautiful and densely wooded Trondheim with its unique charm.

Other destinations

• Atlantic Road (Atlanterhavsveien)-A scenic road connecting multiple small islands and rocky islands by bridges on the edge of the Atlantic Ocean.
• Hardan
• Yostdalbrin -The largest glacier in continental Europe.
• Jotunheimen -Magnificent landscape, the birthplace of Norway's highest mountain.
• Lofoten -In the northern provinces, with many islands and mountains, you can feel the midnight sun in this traditional fishing village.
• North Point -The northernmost point of the European continent, from a cliff overlooking the Barents Sea.
• Sognefjord -Glaciers, mountains and picturesque villages, but these are just a few of them.FrommAnd Nairui Fjord (UNESCO World HeritageLand) is part of the magnificent Sognefjord system.

learn

The overall impression of Norway is an empty country with very rugged scenery. Despite the magnificentFjordIt is famous, and there are many beautiful valleys, virgin forests and fjord lakes in the interior. Norway isEuropeOne of the countries with the most mountains. A wide range of water may best reflect Norway: endless coastlines, magnificent fjords, countless waterfalls, clear rivers, beautiful lakes and countless glaciers.

Although the beautiful outdoor scenery is the most attractive place in Norway, there are also many interesting and vibrant cities, such as:OslowithBergen. Man-made landscapes including Norwegian cultural heritage and modern structures and buildings can often be seen in cities, and amazing projects can also be found in remote corners.

history

The Viking Kingdom of Norway was unified by Harald I in 872 AD. Later, Norwegians settled in many places, such as:Ireland、Faroe Islandsas well asScotlandwithIrelandPart of and established in IrelandDublin. At the beginning of the 14th century, Norway andSwedenUnification, the king of Norway also elected the king of Sweden. At the end of the 14th century, the two countriesDenmarkUnified into the Kalmar Union.

Sweden withdrew from the union in 1521. Norway continued to maintain this alliance with Denmark until 1814. A few months after the declaration of independence, Norway joined the Swedish Union, but it needs to be pointed out that Norway has a lot of independence in the Union.

The alliance with Sweden lasted until 1905 and is considered the beginning of modern Norway. existSecond World WarDuring this period, from 1940 to 1945, Norway was occupied by German forces. In the 1960s, oil was discovered in the North Sea. Oil drilling has brought prosperity to Norway, but unlike many other oil exporting countries, Norway has invested equally in oil profits and created a prosperous and harmonious society through sound infrastructure and advocating environmental technology in daily life. Norway, which has repeatedly been awarded one of the highest living standards in the world, attracts immigrants from all over the world, who have deepened Norway's rich and inclusive society.

geography

I design coastlines. I got an award for Norway. – The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, Douglas Adams

Norway andSwedenlie inEuropeOn the large peninsula in the north. North andFinlandwithRussiaborder. The population is about 5 million, and the land area is basically the same as that of Germany, and slightly larger than that of the United Kingdom. Norway is a very narrow country-driving from the southernmost city to the northernmost city is the distance from Hamburg to Malaga (and the terrain is more rugged). Norway’s coastline is also the longest in the world-if islands and fjords are included, the coastline is 50,000 to 100,000 kilometers long. When you count the fjords and islands, the lightNordlandThe coastline of the county is longer than that of the whole of England.

Norway is famous for its stunning and changing scenery. famousFjordIt is a long and narrow entrance to the ocean, with high mountains on both sides, and the sea goes deep into the inland. Norway’s endless coastline also includes countless islands of various sizes—on the Norwegian coast, there are more than 200,000 confirmed islands (second only to Greece). These islands and rocky islands protect the coast from the ferocious Atlantic Ocean, therefore,HurtigrutenAnd other ships can sail long distances on calm waters. The area of ​​these protected (internal) waters (fjords, bays and straits) is approximately 100,000 square kilometers.

There are more than 450,000 in Norwaylake ,Even thoughOsloThere are also hundreds of lakes in the city. Norway is home to the deepest lake in Europe. Most of the land (about 95%) is rocky fields and forests. Therefore, Norway has large areas of completely uninhabited areas, many of which are protected by national parks. Outside of national parks, most areas are unspoiled-that is, you don't need to go to national parks to experience the wilderness and beautiful scenery. Through roads, railways and ferries, it can be felt in all directions. On the endless coast of Norway, there are few sandy beaches, and the coasts are generally steep rock walls or gently polished rocks.

Norway’s highest point isOslowithTrondheimbetweenJotunheimenMount Galhe, 2,469m (8,100 feet) above sea level, but far from the coast. In the far north (Finnmark), there are relatively flat open areas. Many of the biggest gaps in the worldFallThey are all in Norway, especially in the western fjords and mountains. Although the whole of Norway is basicallyMountain, But the main mountains define the main areas of Norway. The north-south line in the mountains (especiallyHardanwithJotunheimen) Is the main barrier, separating Western Norway and Eastern Norway. Similarly, the expansiveDovrefjellSeparate Central Norway (Trondelag) and Eastern Norway. Norway also includes the largely uninhabitedSvalbardIslands.

Long and rugged coasts, fjords, countless lakes, large waterfalls and beautiful rivers meanwaterIs the best embodiment of Norway.

nationality

Norway is one of the most sparsely populated countries in Europe. The population is only 5 million and the land area is 385,802 square kilometers, making the population density only 16 people per square kilometer. The vast majority are Norwegians. The native Sami people traditionally live in the northern part of Norway, and the area bordering Sweden, Finland and Russia constitutesSammy(orSameland)area. Other recognized minorities are Kven, Jewish, Forest Finn, and Norwegian Romani nomads. In recent years, immigration, especially from the European Union, has increased significantly.

Norway is formally a Christian country. About 80% of people believe in Lutheranism, but many Norwegians do not go to church.

Norway is already very free on moral issues, so it is very similar to leading states such as Denmark and the Netherlands. Most people accept homosexuality, and recently (2008) same-sex marriage has become as legal as traditional marriage. For example, this is the relationship between a famous former male finance minister of the Conservative Party and a famous male business manager. There is a saying that parts of the southern and southwest coasts are relatively conservative, especially in rural areas.

Economics and politics

Norway’s main income comes fromNorth SeaThe oil and gas industry accounts for 20% of GDP[1]. There are also many other natural resources, such as: hydropower, wood, fish and minerals, some manufacturing and health technology departments. Politically speaking, it is mainly the "Scandinavian model" that is widely and continuously supported, which means that high taxes and high government expenditures support free education, medical care, an effective welfare system, and many other benefits. Thanks to this, the unemployment rate in Norway is very low (approximately 2%).

After being vetoed from the European Union by France in the 1950s and 1960s, the Norwegians refused to join in both referendums in 1972 and 1994.European Union(EU), and the number of votes each time is very close. However, due to being a member of the European Economic Area and also joining andSchengen Agreement, Norway has close relations with the European Union and is also a full member on many economic issues, customs and immigration issues. This is due to the importance of the Norwegian economy.

As the richest country in the world and a strong currency, traveling to Norway is much more expensive than traveling in the mainland, and travelers need to be prepared. In addition, the wage structure in Norway is not very different, which means that even common low-skilled jobs can be well paid. In the same way, the company tries to keep the number of employees as low as possible, and the same is true for low-skilled service jobs. On the other hand, Norway also has many attractive places, free of charge, especially scenic and natural. In addition, if you plan to spend the night in a tent or open air, the cost of accommodation is not high. According to NorwayRight to use, If you are far away from houses and other buildings and do not hinder others, in a place on uncultivated land, if youLeave no trace, You can stay up to two nights. If you stay away from the crowd, you can stay as long as you want.

climate

See:Scandinavian winter

Due to the warm Gulf Stream, the climate in Norway, especially the coastal areas, is significantly warmer than expected at high latitudes. Although half of Norway is in the Arctic Circle, the climate is not Arctic. Even in the northern region, the summer is relatively warm (up to 25-30°C), but the time is not long. The winter duration and snowfall also vary greatly. In the north, the snowfall is heavy and the winter is very dark; in the south and west coast, the winter is mild and rainy. In more inland areas (Northern Norway and Eastern Norway), the temperature is likely to drop below -25°C. existFinnmarkInternally, temperatures from -25°C to -35°C are common in January (lowest record is -50°C). On the Hordaland and Rogaland coasts, the temperature occasionally drops below -5°C. Some mountainous areas have glaciers and snow all year round, but there is no permafrost on the mainland.

Although the coast of West Norway is one of the rainiest areas in Europe, most of East Norway is in the rain shadow area and is relatively dry. Actually, the northOplandIt is one of the driest regions in Europe (similar to the arid regions in Spain). Rainfall in northern Norway is also relatively low.

Daylight hours, temperatures and driving conditions in Norway vary greatly throughout the year. Seasonal changes mainly depend on the area (distance from the sea), latitude and altitude. It is especially important to note that when the sun no longer rises from the horizon, areas with a midnight sun (north of the Arctic Circle) also have polar nights (Northern Lights) in winter.

Average temperature of summer and winter solstice

Place	July	January
Oslo	16.4°C	-4.3°C
Lillehammer	14.7°C	-9.1°C
Bergen	14.3°C	1.3°C
Trondheim	13.0°C	-3.0°C
Tromso	11.8°C	-4.4°C
Ota	13.4°C	-8.7°C

The weather in Norway is very pleasant in summer (May to early September). If you like to watch the snow, go to Norway from December to April. Even in winter,Western NorwayIn the coastal and southern regions, there is very little snow or frost, and there is little plan for skiing. In the mountains, there is snow until May, and some mountain passes are open at the end of May. If you go in early May, some mountain passes may not be open, but since the snow melts quickly, there is a chance to enjoy many waterfalls before it finishes. There are also fewer tourists during this time period. Due to ample water (melt snow) and abundant sunshine and rapidly rising temperatures, spring in Norway is very short (usually in May). For complete weather forecasts and statistics, seeyr.no。

daytime

It should be noted that the daytime changes greatly throughout the year. In Oslo, the sun sets around 3:30 in the afternoon in December. In the northern part of the Arctic Circle, you can experience the midnight sun and northern lights (polar night). However, even at this latitude in Oslo, between June and July, the summer night is just a feeling of late dusk. For travelers, a mild "winter night" may also be a very good and unusual experience. . Aurora borealis (Northern Lights) appear in the darker months, are more frequent in high latitudes (Northern Norway), and occasionally can be seen in the south.

Aurora (polar night) and midnight sun in different cities

city	The polar night begins	The end of the polar night	Midnight sun	Midnight sun over	Notice
Bode	without	without	June 4th	July 8th	No polar night
Tromso	November 27th	January 15	May 20	July 22
Svolvaer	December 7	January 5th	May 28	July 14
Ota	November 25th	January 17	May 19	July 24
North Point	November 20	January 22	May 14	July 29th
Longyearbyen	October 26	February 16	April 20	August 22

Due to the very long dusk in the northern high latitudes, the day after the sun sets is still bright for 1 to 2 hours. In summer, such as the summer solstice night in Trondheim, it is not dark at all.

Sunrise and sunset in different cities (summer solstice and winter solstice)

city	Sunrise June 21	Sunset June 21	Sunrise december	Sunset december
Kristiansand	4:25	22:35	9:15	15:40
Oslo	3:55	22:45	9:20	15:10
Bergen	4:10	23:10	9:45	15:30
Trondheim	3:00	23:40	10:00	14:30
Tromso	All night	All night	No sunrise	No sunrise

festival

The main holidays are Easter, Christmas (Christmas Eve, Christmas Day and Boxing Day are all holidays), and "public holidays" throughout July. In May, there are many festivals, including: Constitution Day (May 17)-important national celebrations and sightseeing activities.

Public holidays (schools and companies are closed):

• New Year(Nyttårsdag, January 1)
• The Last Supper(Skjærtorsdag, April 5)
• Good Friday (Langfredag, April 6)
• Easter(påskedag, April 8)
• Easter Monday (Andre påskedag, April 9)
• International Labour Day(Første mai, May 1)
• Constitution Day (Syttende mai, Grunnlovsdagen, May 17)
• Ascension Day (Kristi himmelfartsdag, May 20)
• Pentecost (Andre pinsedag, May 28)
• Christmas (Første juledag, December 25)
• Boxing Day (Andre juledag, December 26)

It should be noted that many Norwegian holidays are celebrated on the first day (Holy Saturday, Christmas Eve, etc.). On Christmas Eve (Julekveld、Julaften),new Year Eve(Nyttårsaften), Holy Saturday (Påskeaften) And Pentecost (Pinseaften) On the previous Saturday, the shop closed very early. St. John's Eve (St. HansaftenorJonsokaften)-The Norwegians celebrated with a midsummer bonfire on the night of St. John’s Day on June 24.

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See:Norwegian phrasebook

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Fjord

Northern lights and midnight sun

In Norway, it is said that seeing the mysterious and colorful northern lights can bring a lifetime of happiness and luck, so it has become the ultimate dream of many travelers. November to April of the following year is the time with the highest frequency of occurrence of aurora. In a light-free area, you can feel the magnificent scene under the clear and cloudless sky!

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