Alps（German: Alpen;Italian: Alpi;Slovenian: Alpe) YesEuropeThe highest and spanning the widest range of mountains, it coversItalyNorthern border,FranceSoutheast,Switzerland、Liechtenstein、Austria、GermanySouth and Slovenia. It can be subdivided into three parts: the Western Alps from the Mediterranean to Mont Blanc, the Central Alps from the Valle d’Aosta to the Brenner Pass (the junction of Austria and Italy), and the Central Alps from the Brenner Pass to the Brenner Pass. Eastern Alps of Slovenia. Many large rivers in Europe originate here, and are rich in water resources, making them tourist, holiday, and health resorts.
The Alps have 128 peaks with an altitude of more than 4,000 meters. The highest peak, Mount Blanc, is 4,110.45 meters above sea level. It is located at the junction of France and Italy. The mountain range is arc-shaped, with a length of 1,200 kilometers, a width of 130-260 kilometers, an average elevation of about 3,000 meters, and a total area of about 220,000 square kilometers. The northern part of the Alps has a more humid climate, while the southern part is drier with little rainfall.
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etymology
The name "Alps" comes from the Latin "Alpes", and the English pronunciation "Alps" is derived from French. Morus Servius Noratus (an ancient commentator of Virgil’s poetry) commented (A. X 13) The Celtics call every mountain calledAlpes. This word probably comes from Italian-Celtic, because many words related to high mountains in Celtic have rootsalp。
This is the same as LatinAlpesIt may not be contradictory to say that the term comes from a non-Indo-European language family (in the Mediterranean region, many peaks and mountains may have a non-Indo-European origin). According to the Old English Dictionary, Latin wordsAlpesWords that may be derived from prehistoric European languages*alb"Mountain",AlbaniaIt is also one of its derivatives. Interestingly, the term Albania (a short name for modern Albania) used to be the name of many peaks in Europe. In Roman times,AlbaniaRefers to the eastern Caucasus, while in EnglishAlbania(orAlbany, Albion) occasionally becomes a synonym for Scotland.
Also a possibilityalbwithalbus(Latin white) The two words come from the perceptual knowledge of the snow on the summit of a mountain. Modern vocabularyalp, alm, albeoralpeOften refers to alpine pastures below the snow line of the mountains in the Alps.
geography
- Mount Blanc (4810.45 meters) is the highest peak in the Western Alps, and Mount Bernina (4049 meters) is the highest peak in the Eastern Alps.
- Dufour Peak (4634 meters) and Ortler Peak (3905 meters) are the second highest peaks in the Western Alps and Eastern Alps, respectively.
Rivers and lakes
The Alps provide European drinking water, irrigation and hydroelectric power. Although the Alps account for only 11% of Europe, they provide more than 90% of Europe's water sources, especially in arid regions and summer. Cities such as Milan depend on the Alps for 80% of their water supply. There are more than 500 hydroelectric power plants in the river basin, with a generating capacity of 2,900 kilowatts. The major European rivers originating from Switzerland, such as the Rhine, Rhone, Inn, Ticino and Po, all originate from the Alps, flow through neighboring countries, and finally enter the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black sea.
Other rivers such as the Danube, the main tributaries also originate from the Alps. The Rhone River is the second largest water source in the Mediterranean, after the Nile River; the glacier melts into the Rhone River, which flows into Lake Geneva before flowing to France, where it is also used to cool nuclear power plants. The Rhine originates from an area of 30 square kilometers in Switzerland and accounts for about 60% of Switzerland's water output.
Some rivers in the Alps form lakes. Lake Geneva is a crescent-shaped lake. One side of the lake is Geneva, Switzerland, and the other side is Evian-les-Bains, France. St. Bartholomew's Church in Germany is on the south side of the Königssee, and it can only be reached by boating across the lake or over the mountains.
history
Since the Paleolithic period, the Alps have been inhabited by humans. They live on hunting; from the Vercor River near the Iser Valley in France to the Ligerhall River above Tauplitz in Austria, they have remained everywhere. Handicrafts. After the Alpine glaciers moved back, people from the Neolithic period lived in the valley. They lived in caves and small settlements, some of which were built on the banks of Alpine lakes. Remains of such residents have been found near Lake Annecy, along the shores of Lake Geneva, in the Totes Mountains of Austria, Aosta, Italy and the Camonica River Valley. Among them, the Camonica River Valley is world-famous for more than 2,000 rock carvings, which have left precious and vivid pictures of human habitation for more than 2,000 years.
Between 800 and 600 BC, the Celts attacked people still in the Neolithic Age and forced them to migrate to the remote valleys of the Alps. Celtic culture was discovered in Hallstatt, Upper Austria. center. Due to the wealth of archaeological relics found here, the name Hallstatt has become synonymous with the end of the European Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age. The Celts also sculpted some mountain passes in the Alps as trade routes.
The Romans expanded the ancient Celtic villages; the Romans built many new towns in the Alps and surrounding valleys. They also improved the water supply and built an arena and theater. The best-preserved place of these monuments is Aosta. Controlling the mountain passes of the Alps was the key to the expansion of the Romans, and the intestinal path was expanded into roads. Those mountain passes (such as the Great Saint Bernard, Sprügen, Brennerro, and Plecon) that connect the military outposts of Rome are more important. The first German invasion occurred in 259. By 400, Roman control of the Alps had fallen apart.
The Romanized Celtic lands were occupied by Germans, Burgundians, Alemanni and Lombards. During the 8th and 9th centuries, the Alps became part of the Charlemagne Empire. Later, Charlemagne's grandchildren partitioned the empire under the Treaty of Verdun, and the disintegration in 888 led to differences in the basic language that continue to this day. The unity imposed on the Alps by the Celts, Romans, and Germans disappeared in the Middle Ages. For most of the rest of the time, the valleys lived in isolation and did not communicate with each other. It was not until modern times that the closed state of the various peoples in the Alps was broken by the Industrial Revolution and the arrival of railways (passing through the Alps through huge tunnels).
form
The Alps belong to the Tertiary fold mountains. The expansion of the North Atlantic Ocean caused movement between the African and European plates. Since the Early Cretaceous, the small plates split from Africa have been moving northward, and the late Eocene began to collide with the European plates and gradually uplifted to form the Alps. The huge nappe structure is its distinguishing feature. Due to the formation of violent thrusts during plate collisions, some huge rock masses were lifted up and moved dozens of kilometers to cover other rock masses, forming large horizontal folds; in the western Alps Is typical.
In addition to the main mountain system of the Alps, there are four branches extending to various parts of Central and Southern Europe: one extends westward into the Iberian Peninsula, the Pyrenees Mountains; the other is the Apennines, which form the main ridge of the Apennines; southeast One is called the Dinarek Mountains, which runs through the western side of the Balkan Peninsula and extends into the Mediterranean, passing through Crete and Cyprus to the Asia Minor Peninsula; the northeast is called the Carpathian Mountains, which lies in the Eastern European Plain. On the south side, he made two big turns and went straight from Bulgaria to the coast of the Black Sea.
Landform
The glacial landforms of the Alps are widely distributed, and the ice-eroded landforms are the most typical; the peaks are sharp, tall and handsome, with many ice-eroded cliffs, U-shaped valleys, ice buckets, hanging valleys, and ice-eroded lakes. There are more than 1,200 modern glaciers with an area of about 4,000 square kilometers. Among them, the Aletsch Glacier in southwestern Switzerland is the largest with a length of 22.5 kilometers and an area of 130 square kilometers.
season
- Spring: Snow begins to melt in the Alps in spring, suitable for mountaineering
- Summer and Autumn: Summer in the Alps runs from June to early September, and most ski resorts open in autumn in October and November.
- Winter: The ski season in the Alps runs from before Christmas to the end of April.
Climate 
The Alps are located in the temperate zone, but have high-altitude terrain. Because of the high altitude in the world, regions with a climate similar to the polar regions are called alpine climates. As the sea level rises, the temperature will gradually drop (see the vertical decline rate of temperature). The influence of the prevailing wind on the mountain causes the warm air below the mountain to flow to the mountain, and its volume expands, so it loses heat. Therefore, the water vapor will condense, causing rain and even snow. The height of the Alps blocks moisture, so the north of the Alps has a more humid climate, while the south is drier.
Since the 18th century, research has been conducted on the climate of the Alps, especially special patterns such as seasonal foehn. At the beginning of the 20th century, many weather stations have been set up in the Alps, and they continue to provide meteorologists with relevant information. Some valleys are very arid, such as the Aosta Valley in Italy, the Graubunden Alps and the Northern Tierra in Austria. Lobon.
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Bus
Smaller places, especially in Switzerland, usually travel to and from larger towns by bus.
aviation
If you want to travel between the largest cities and save time, flying "maybe" is a good choice.
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mountain peak
The International Federation of Mountaineering has defined an official list of mountain peaks in the Alps. Among them, there are 82 mountains over 4,000 meters, but not only high mountains, but also some mountains that are not highly protruding but are often used as mountaineering destinations. . The following table shows 22 mountains with a topographic protrusion of more than 500 meters, that is, mountains that are 500 meters higher than the nearest saddle.
| name | high | area | name | high | area |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mount Blanc | 4,810 meters (15,781 feet) | Glean alps | Delangue | 4,171 meters (13,684 feet) | Benning Alps |
| Dufour Peak | 4,634 meters (15,203 feet) | Benning Alps | Jungfrau | 4,158 meters (13,642 feet) | Bernz Alps |
| Dom | 4,545 meters (14,911 feet) | Benning Alps | Aiguille Vert | 4,122 meters (13,524 feet) | Glean alps |
| Wei Sifeng | 4,506 meters (14,783 feet) | Benning Alps | Mohi peak | 4,107 meters (13,474 feet) | Bernz Alps |
| Matterhorn | 4,478 meters (14,692 feet) | Benning Alps | Baldesiklang | 4,102 meters (13,458 feet) | Dauphine Alps |
| White tooth peak | 4,357 meters (14,295 feet) | Benning Alps | Schreckhorn | 4,078 meters (13,379 feet) | Bernz Alps |
| Great Kongban Mountain | 4,314 meters (14,154 feet) | Benning Alps | Obergaberhorn | 4,063 meters (13,330 feet) | Benning Alps |
| Finsteraar | 4,273 meters (14,019 feet) | Bernz Alps | Grand paradiso | 4,061 meters (13,323 feet) | Glean alps |
| Grand chora | 4,208 meters (13,806 feet) | Glean alps | Pittsbury Hill | 4,049 meters (13,284 feet) | Bernina Mountains |
| Linfish Peak | 4,199 meters (13,776 feet) | Benning Alps | Westmeath Mountain | 4,017 meters (13,179 feet) | Benning Alps |
| Alichhorn Mountain | 4,193 meters (13,757 feet) | Bernz Alps | Ragingherne, mt. | 4,010 meters (13,156 feet) | Benning Alps |