Greek - Hy Lạp

Greek is a country belonging to EuropeGreece (Greek: Ελλάδα Ellada or Ελλάς Ellas; English: Greece or Hellas), the current state name of the Greek Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Elliniki Dimokratia), is a country in the region. Europe, located south of the Balkan peninsula. Greece is bordered by Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, by Turkey eastward. The Aegean Sea surrounds Greece to the east and south, and the Ionian Sea to the west. Much of the country's terrain is rugged mountains. Greece has many large and small islands in the Mediterranean region. As of July 2007, the population of Greece is 10,706,290.

overview

Greece was one of the most brilliant civilizations of antiquity, having a far-reaching influence on the civilization around the Mediterranean region. It is the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, and the Olympic Games. In the Middle Ages, Greece became part of the Byzantine Empire, and then again within the Ottoman Empire for nearly four centuries. In 1821, the Greek people revolted and regained their independence. Greece today is a developed country. Greece is a member of many international organizations such as the United Nations, NATO, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - OECD, World Trade Organization - WTO. In 1981, Greece became a member of the Union Europe.

History

Prehistoric period

In the Bronze Age, in Greece, two great civilizations appeared, the Minoan civilization on Crete and the Mycenaean civilization on the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece.

The Minoan civilization reached its peak on Crete between 2700 and 1450 BC. Their economy is mainly based on agricultural production and foreign trade with neighboring countries. The Minoans produced a variety of high-quality pottery and built many magnificent temples. Remnants of buildings still exist today on the island of Crete, one of which is the palace complex at Knossos. By about 1600 BC, the Mycenaean civilization on the Peloponnese had prospered and overpowered the disintegrating Minoan civilization. They have built many rich big cities and established foreign trade relations with neighboring countries. But by about 1200 BC, before the threat of foreign invasion, the strongholds in Mycenae were abandoned, trade with foreign countries stalled. The collapse of the Mycenaean civilization led to a period of crisis in Greece that lasted more than three centuries, known as the Age of Darkness.

Ancient Greek

Around the 8th century BC, Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages. Economy, especially foreign trade, has been promoted with commercial establishments established in many places. The rapid increase in the population of Greece and limited land led to an influx of Greeks who migrated across the Mediterranean regions, especially southern Italy, and founded new cities independent of the rural cities. their scent. The developed economy has made Greece very rich. The basic administrative units in ancient Greece were the city-states. Often between the city-states there was often conflict with each other to compete for territory, in which the two city-states Athena and Sparta were particularly influential in the history of Greece. In the early days, the city-states were monarchy. But later, especially in Athens, democracy was established, although Sparta remained a monarchy throughout their history. However, democracy in ancient Greece was very different from today because only male citizens were allowed to vote. Slavery flourished in ancient Greece.

In 490 BC, Greece defeated the invading Persians at the famous Battle of Marathon. And in 480, Persian sailors suffered a heavy defeat in the naval battle of Salamis. These battles confirmed the great military might of Greece. Under King Alexander the Great of the Kingdom of Macedonia, the Greeks made extensive expansions into the Egypt, Persia and India. His conquests led to Greek settlement and domination in far-flung lands and made the cultural influence of Greece more widespread than ever. This period is known as the Hellenistic Period. Later, when the Roman Empire was established and became powerful, Greece became a Roman province, but the cultural influences of ancient Greece were maintained and developed.

Greek culture had a far-reaching influence on Rome and modern Western civilization. One of the most famous works of ancient Greek literature is Greek mythology, a collection of many legends about gods such as Zeus, Hera, Athena, Apollo... Greek philosophy was the foundation. of Western philosophy with famous philosophers such as Thales, Plato, Aristotle... Greek mathematics and science have achieved many brilliant achievements with master scientists such as Pythagoras, Archimedes. They invented theorems that are fundamental to modern mathematics and science. Greek architecture also achieved many great achievements with typical works such as the Parthenon, Olympia and Delphi ruins with a series of temples, squares, theaters, and other stadiums. Greece was also the birthplace of the first Olympic Games (Olympic) in 776 BC and held every 4 years, the origin of the modern Olympic Games today.

Byzantine Empire

Around the end of the 3rd century, the Roman Empire split into two parts: the west and the east. Greece became part of the Eastern Roman Empire, later renamed the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine Empire was a medieval Christian state in which Greek was the official language. The 11th and 12th centuries were the golden age of the Byzantine Empire. However, the empire was gradually weakened by Muslim attacks and finally collapsed in 1453.

Ottoman Empire

Under the brutal rule of the Muslim Ottoman Empire, a large number of Greek intellectuals immigrated to Western Europe, especially Italy. They made a great contribution to the Renaissance Movement in Europe medieval times. Another part left the Greek peninsula and went to live in the remote mountains or islands in the Aegean Sea, where the Ottoman Empire could not impose their political and religious system on people. Greek. The Greek communities that were strengthened together by sharing a common Orthodox religion and religion played an important role in the later war of Greek independence.

Modern Greece was founded

In March 1821, the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire broke out strongly. This war lasted until 1829, when the independence of young Greece was officially recognized in the Protocol of London. In 1832, the Ottoman Empire had to acknowledge Greek independence in the Treaty of Constantinople. In 1827, Ioannis Kapodistrias was chosen as head of the republican government, but soon after, the republic was dissolved and replaced by the monarchy. The first king was Othon of Greece, a member of the Wittelsbach family. In 1863, King Othon was deposed and replaced by Prince Vilhelm of Denmark, of the Oldenburg family. Vilhelm was crowned king of Greece as Georgios I of Greece and brought with him a gift from England: on March 29, 1864, the sovereignty of the Ionian Islands was transferred by Britain to Greece and arrived. On May 28, 1864, the islands were unified with Greece.

After independence, the Greek economy developed rapidly, political reforms were carried out. In 1877, prime minister Charilaos Trikoupis curtailed the power of the Greek royal family. In 1896, the first modern Olympics were held in the city of Athens.

The Balkan Wars (1912-1913) resulted in the annexation of Crete, Chios, Samos and southern Macedonia, including Thessaloniki, into Greece. In 1913, King Georgios I was assassinated in Thessaloniki and was replaced by his eldest son, King Constantine I of Greece. During World War I, Greece joined the Entente faction against virtue and Austria. This caused conflict between the king and prime minister Eleftherios Venizelos and eventually led to King Constantine I ceding the throne to his son and political division in Greece.

Territorial disputes over the area of ​​Smyrna in Asia Minor also led to the Hellenistic War - Turkey (1919-1922) between the Greeks and the revolutionaries Turkey. In the end, the Greeks were defeated, and the Treaty of Lausanne signed in 1923 defined the present day borders and established the exchange of populations between the two countries. In 1936, General Ioannis Metaxas established a dictatorship in Greece, also known as the 4th of August regime.

Greece in World War II (1940-1944)

On October 28, 1940, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini sent an ultimatum demanding that Greece surrender and allow the Nazis to occupy the territory. The Greeks firmly said no and sided with the Allies against the fascist forces. Immediately, Italian fascists invaded Greece from southern Albania but were met with effective resistance from the Greek army. This was followed by a battle in the Pinlus Mountains, which caused Mussolini's army to be repulsed. At that time, Adolf Hitler realized the strategic position of Greece and ordered the fascists virtue and Bulgaria invaded its territory.

Fascist Invasion virtue on April 6, 1941 completed the occupation of all Greek territory. The country became a fierce battleground until October 12, 1944, when the city of Athena was liberated by the Allies. During the fascist rule virtueMany Jews in Greece were sent to concentration camps and killed. The post-war famine killed about 300,000 people.

Post-war Greece (1944-1966)

Post-war Greece (1944-1966)After being liberated from fascist rule virtueGreek civil war broke out between leftists and rightists. The war lasted from 1946 to 1949, when leftist forces were defeated at the Battle of Grammos-Vitsi. During the 1950s and 1960s, Greece achieved rapid and steady economic growth as a result of the American Marshall Plan.

Dictatorship in Greece (1967-1974)

Tank attack on Athens Polytechnic University in 1973 Beginning in 1965, Greece fell into a political crisis that caused the country's situation to become chaotic. On August 21, 1967, a US-backed coup[citation needed] took place, overthrowing the democratic government and establishing a military dictatorship known as the Colonel's Regime.[need] citation] In the years that followed, many leftists and communists in Greece were arrested and brutally tortured[citation needed]. Many politicians have to flee to other countries like France and Sweden to apply for asylum[citation needed]. In November 1973, students of the Polytechnic University of Athens rebelled against the dictatorship, but the revolt was quickly quelled, and tanks were sent to attack the university and massacre the students. the source].

July 20, 1974, Turkey attack on the island of Cyprus. The crisis that followed led to the fall of the dictatorship in Greece on July 23, 1974.

Greece today (from 1975 to present)

Fireworks opening the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece Immediately after the fall of the dictatorship, former prime minister Constantine Karamanlis passed away. France returned to Greece and founded the New Democratic Party. A democratic government was re-established in Greece and the republic's democratic constitution was promulgated in 1975. The monarchy in Greece was officially dissolved in a referendum that same year. Later, Andreas Papandreou also returned from America and founded the Greek Socialist Movement.

Regarding foreign affairs, the relationship, which is often tense with Turkey has gradually improved. In the summer of 1999, major earthquakes struck these two countries, and subsequent relief operations between Greece and Turkey contributed to the re-warming of relations between the two countries.

On 1 January 1981, Greece became the 10th member of the Union Europe. The Greek economy has grown very rapidly, with a large amount of foreign investment pouring into Greece to modernize the country's infrastructure system, building the Greek economy in a modern direction. Grand. The growing service and tourism has contributed to improving people's living standards. In 2001, Greece joined the group of countries that use a common currency Europe euro and then successfully hosted the 2004 Olympics. Between 2010 and now, Greece has experienced a severe public debt crisis, requiring bailout from financial institutions. Europe.

Geography

The territory of Greece consists of the mainland on the Balkan Peninsula and about 3000 islands located in the Ionian Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Aegean Sea. The largest Greek islands are Crete, Rhodes, and Corfu. The total area of ​​Greece is 131,940 km², of which water accounts for 0.9%.

The land border of Greece is 1935 km in total. Greece shares a common border with the countries Albania (282 km), Bulgaria (494 km), Turkey (931 km) and the Republic of Macedonia (228 km). Despite its small area, due to its many islands and archipelagos, Greece's coastline length is very large, up to 130,800 km and ranks 10th in the world in terms of coastline length.

Greece has a rather rugged terrain with about 80% of the area being mountainous. Located in the center of Greece is the majestic Pinlus mountain range with an average altitude of 2636 m above sea level. The Pinlus mountain range is an extension of the Dinaric Alps on the Balkan peninsula and continues across the Peloponnese peninsula, extending southward to form numerous islands in the Aegean Sea, finally ending in the island. Crete. The islands in the Aegean Sea of ​​Greece are the tip of the mountains that run underground. To the north of Greece is the Rhodope Mountains, which form a natural border between Greece and Bulgaria. Mount Olympus is the highest mountain in Greece, 2919 m high. It was said to be the abode of the Greek gods in ancient times and is today an attractive mountaineering destination in Greece. The plains occupy a very small area in Greece and are concentrated in the regions of Thessaly. , Central Macedonia and Thrace. These are places with a lot of fertile soil and are densely populated areas in Greece.

Climate

Topography has an important influence on the climate of Greece. For example, the western slopes of the Pinlus Mountains receive more wind than the eastern parts, and therefore have significantly higher humidity and rainfall than the leeward eastern slopes.

Greece's climate can be divided into three main climates: Mediterranean climate, alpine climate and temperate climate. The Mediterranean climate is predominant in Greece with a warm and rainy winter, but occasional snowfall in the islands further south of Greece. Summer is usually very hot and dry. It is this feature of the Mediterranean climate that has led to huge forest fires in Greece, causing a lot of loss of life and property. Most recently in August 2007, a forest fire spread across Greece, killing 64 people and causing $1.6 billion in damage. The alpine climate is distributed mainly in the mountains of northwestern Greece, the Peloponnese peninsula and the Pinlus mountain range. In these regions, the climate varies with altitude. The temperate climate has a small distribution area, concentrated in northeastern Greece with cooler temperatures than the Mediterranean climate and moderate rainfall.

The Greek capital Athens has a transitional climate between the Mediterranean and the temperate. The highest average temperature here in July is 33.5 °C, while the lowest average temperature in January is 5.2 °C. The northern part of Athens has a temperate climate while the southern regions have a Mediterranean climate.

Politic

Greece is a republic under a representative democracy. The President is the head of the country and is chosen by the parliament for a five-year term. However, after the constitutional amendment in 1986, the power of the president has been significantly reduced and is now almost exclusively ceremonial. The Prime Minister is the head of the Greek government and has primary power in the affairs of the country.

The Greek Parliament has a total of 300 seats. Parliamentary elections are usually held every four years, but the president has the power to dissolve parliament and call early elections. Since Greece's return to democracy in 1975, Greece has become a multi-party country. The two most important parties in Greek politics are the New Democratic Party (Νέα Δημοκρατία) and the Greek Socialist Movement (Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα).

Region

City

• Athena — the capital is famous for Parthenon
• Thessaloniki — the second largest city in Greece located in the region of Macedonia
• Chania — the second largest city of Crete surrounded by beaches and Samaria national park
• Chersonissos — Crete's party city of summer
• Heraklion — the largest city in Crete and the archaeological site of Knossos
• Patra — The third largest city in Greece. Famous for wine
• Larissa - the fourth largest city in Greece
• Rhodes — a city with medieval architecture, vibrant nightlife and beaches
• Volos — coastal port city with beautiful architecture and museums

Other destinations

Meteora is one of the gems of Greece. Located near the cities of Kalampaka and Kastraki in the northwest of Thessaly, there are 24 monasteries on the top of the hill.

- Ithaca is one of the Ionian islands in Greece, legend is the home of the legendary hero Odysseus in the Greek epic Homer.

Mount Athos is a mountain and peninsula in Macedonia, Northern Greece. It is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Mount Athos has a total of 20 monasteries, which are considered semi-independent republican churches.

Olympia is a sanctuary in memory of Zeus, the site of the ancient International Olympic Games.

Go

Language

Shopping

There are many stores that sell honey with an exclusive brand. The best honey is Orino, but most honey is very tasty. Don't buy pinecone honey, the best taste is Thymian.

Famous products are traditional handicrafts, gold and silver jewelry, pottery…. Flea markets and souvenir shops in Plaka are open 7 days a week.

When you come to Agenina, you should buy pistachios (ginkgo) - this place has the best quality natural pistachios in the world. Clothes in Greece are very expensive, so if you don't need them, don't buy them.

Expense

Food

Greek cuisine is very diverse and rich, and is influenced by many different cuisines such as that of the south of the country. France, Italy and the Middle East. Olive oil is a typical flavoring and is present in most Greek dishes. The main food crop of Greece is wheat, but besides that there is also barley. The most commonly used green vegetables here are tomatoes, tomatoes, potatoes, green beans, green peppers and onions. Honey in Greece is made mainly from the nectar of flowers, especially from the citrus family.

Greek dishes are often prepared with a variety of flavorings such as marjoram, onions, garlic, dill, mint, cinnamon... Lamb and goat meat are quite popular in Greece, but beef is more rare. Fish dishes are very popular, especially in the coastal and island regions of Greece. The country also has a wide variety of processed cheeses.

Appetizers are usually served with bread and wine. Feta cheese made from sheep's milk and goat's milk is a traditional appetizer in this country. Greece also has a lot of soups such as avgolemono, fasolada, magiritsa... Baklava is a popular pastry here, besides there is tsoureki bread eaten at Easter. There are many traditional Greek dishes of foreign origin.

Drinks

Accommodation

Learn

Do

Safe

Medical

To respect

cc

This tutorial is just an outline, so it needs more information. Have the courage to modify and develop it !