 Open-air museum in Achmīm | ||
| Achmīm · أخميم Panopolis · Πανώπολις | ||
| Governorate | Sōhāg | |
|---|---|---|
| Residents | 101.509 (2006) | |
| height | 85 m | |
no tourist info on Wikidata:  | ||
| location | ||
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Ahmim, English: Akhmim, Arabic:أخميم, Achmīm, Greek: Panopolis, is a city in egyptianGovernorateSōhāg on the right bank of the Nile opposite the city Sōhāg. Today around 102,000 people live in the city, which has probably been continuously inhabited since prehistoric times.[1]
background
location
Achmīm is in central egyptian Governorate Sōhāg, about 200 kilometers north of Luxor, 190 kilometers south of Asyūṭ and about 6 kilometers east of Sōhāg. Over a length of about ten kilometers, the Nile flows from east to west in the Achmīm area. The city is on its right, the north bank.
history
The settlement that is in ancient Egyptian timeIpu (Apu, Jpw) and since the 19th dynasty Chent-Min (Ḫnt Mnw) was called, has existed since prehistoric times and was one of the most important cities in Egypt during the entire Pharaonic period. It was also the capital of the 9th Upper Egyptian Gaus, the Mingau. Unfortunately, numerous testimonies have been destroyed today and temples have been built over with the modern city. The most important evidence is the cemeteries outside the city, which were mainly used by the governors and high officials between the 4th to 12th dynasties, in the New Kingdom and in Greco-Roman times. Tombs from prehistoric or early dynastic times are not yet known. The importance of the city is proven by numerous finds such as steles, statues, sacrificial tablets, coffins, papyri and textiles, which are now in various museums around the world and cover the entire period between the Old Kingdom and the Coptic period, even if evidence from Middle Kingdom only exist to a lesser extent.[2]
So far only a few remains of temples are known, but they were among the largest in Egypt. Large parts of it are undoubtedly below the city or have been misused as a quarry. The builders included Thutmose III, Ramses II, Ptolemy XIV, Domitian and Trajan. Among the venerated deities are the local goddess Iin-ins-Mehit, who later merged with Isis, the trinity of gods from the creator god Min with his lion-headed companion Repit (Triphis, meaning "noble woman") and her child Qerendja-pa-chered ("Kolanthes- das-Kind ”), but also Haroeris of Letopolis and Isis. The god Min was later equated by the Greeks with the shepherd god Pan. Cemeteries with mummified shrews and birds of prey also bear witness to the cult of Min and Haroeris con Letopolis.[3] At today's es-Salāmūnī there is also the rock temple of Eje (so-called “Pan grotto”).
The Min priest and head of the horses, Juja, and his wife Tuja, who were the parents of the main wife of Amenhotep III, Teje, were among the most important personalities of the city in Pharaonic times. The general and later Pharaoh Eje also comes from this city.
The city consisted of Greek time gone and became Chemmis (Χέμμις, Χεμμω) or Panopolis (Πανώπολις, "City of Pan") called. Descriptions of the city are known from the historian Herodotus, who reported, among other things, of games in honor of the god Min and described a temple of Perseus.[4] Strabo names linen weaving and stonemasonry as branches of the economy at that time. The most important sons of this city from that time was the Greek alchemist Zosimus of Panopolis (about 250–310 AD), whose main work on alchemy comprised 28 volumes, and the epic poet who lived in the 5th century Nonnos of Panopolis.
Even in Coptic times, when the city of Chemin or Schemin (Ⲭⲙⲓⲛ, Ϣ ⲙⲓⲛ), the city continued to be of great importance, which can also be seen in the monasteries in its vicinity. The city was also the capital of the Thebais province of the diocese of Egypt in Byzantine times.
Numerous testimonies from various historians are also available from the Arab-Islamic period. They found the temple complexes still in a condition that indicated them as important complexes of the Pharaonic era. In the 16th century, the Arab geographer designated Leo Africanus (around 1490 to after 1550) the city as one of the oldest in Egypt, that of Ichmim, the son Mizraims (gene 10,6 ) was built.[5] Also Richard Pococke (1704–1765) found three temples.[6]
In the following period the remains of the city were used by the French Napoleon and the German Lepsius expeditions[7] described. In 1884 Maspero found the great necropolis of in the northeast of the city el-Hawawish, from which he had thousands of mummies brought to Cairo.
In 1886/1867 a French team of researchers succeeded Urbain Bouriant (1849–1903) the discovery of the so-called Achmim Codex (Papyrus Cairensis 10,759) in a Christian grave in the vicinity of the city. The code, held in Greek, contained parts of the Revelation of Peter, of Book of Enoch, the martyrdom of Julian of Tarsus and des apocryphalPeter's Gospel with Jesus' passion and resurrection story.[8] The Swiss archaeologist and collector found it in 1891 Robert Forrer (1866–1947) numerous late antique, Christian and early Islamic textile fragments in the local cemeteries, which have found their way into numerous museums.[9]
For 1891 10,000 inhabitants, including 1,000 Copts, were given.[10] In 1928 around 23,800 people lived here, including 6,600 Copts.[11] In the 20th century, several weaving mills were built in the city, continuing the Pharaonic-Coptic tradition.
During construction work on a school, the colossal statue of Merit-Amun, daughter and wife of Ramses ’II, was discovered in 1981. The burial grounds in el-Hawawish were dated at the end of the 20th century Australian Center for Egyptology investigated under the direction of Naguib Kanawati. They found 884 rock tombs, 60 of which were decorated.
getting there
About Sōhāg
Achmīm lets himself be from Sōhāg Reached out by taxi. Sōhāg has a train station and an international airport 25 kilometers away.
From Luxor or Qinā
Qinā is with buses or service taxis from Luxor reachable from. There is a taxi station north of the Qinā bus station, from which a shared taxi can be used to travel to Sōhāg. These taxis go to Sōhāg via Achmīm. If you want to visit both cities, you should start with Akhmīm due to time constraints. The return journey must be made from the taxi station in Sōhāg.
mobility
The city can be explored on foot or by taxi.
Tourist Attractions
Here only sights in the city itself. Attractions outside the city such as the cemetery of el-Hawawish and the monasteries of el-Kauthar are described in separate articles.
Monuments from Pharaonic times
Tradition and find history
The Min Temple was still visible in Islamic times. The city of Achmīm and the main temple dedicated to Min have been described by several Arab historians and geographers, among them el-Idrīsī (around 1100–1166), Ibn Ǧubeir (1145–1217), Yāqūt er-Rūmī (1179-1229), ed-Dimashqī (1256-1327), Ibn Baṭṭūṭa (1304-1377), Ibn Duqmāq (1349-1407) and el-Maqrīzī (1364-1442). The temple was destroyed around 1350, probably to obtain building material for mosques. Ibn Baṭṭūṭa was probably the last to find this temple still halfway intact. The most extensive description, however, comes from Ibn Ǧubeir.[12]
The temple was built of limestone blocks and, according to Ibn Ǧubeir, measured 220 cubits in length and 160 cubits in width. It is not known what cubit measure he meant, so that the temple could have been between 118 and 146 meters long. It should be at least as big as the temple of Edfu have been. As Kuhlmann explains (op. Cit. Pp. 14–49), the statements of the Arab historians contradict, so that only little reliable information remains. The temple probably had only one pylon and one forecourt. The temple house consisted of four or six passages and had a portico at the front, possibly a pronaos, a vestibule, in front of it. The 40 columns mentioned by Ibn Ǧubeir are probably exaggerated. The next room was reached via steps. The roof was at the same height without steps.
In October 1981, chance discoveries during the excavation work for an Islamic institute on Karm eṭ-Ṭaur, "Garden of the Bull", meant that one could get a first impression of the temple complex. The finds show that the temple has existed since at least the 18th dynasty, was rebuilt or renovated in the Ramessidic period (19th dynasty) and used until the Greco-Roman period, until the time of the Emperor Trajan. The area, which is 5 to 6 meters below street level, was explored between 1981 and 1990 under the direction of Yahya el-Masri. The most important finds were those of the monumental statue of Merit-Amun and the pylon gate.
Further discoveries were made when a new post office was to be built about 90 meters east-northeast in 1991. The remains of a monumental statue of Ramses ’II, votive steles and statues of the Min Temple were found in the ground. This made it clear that most of the complex is located under the modern Muslim cemetery. As early as 2002, the then Egyptian President, Hosni Mubarak, issued a decree to relocate the cemetery, presumably to the area of el-Kauthar, and pledged 50 million Egyptian pounds in return. The relocation should actually be completed in 2005. But nothing has happened to this day.
After completion of the research and restoration work, this site was opened to the public as an open-air museum on October 1, 1995.
Monuments in the open-air museum
The excavation site is open daily from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. The admission price is LE 40 and LE 20 for students (as of 11/2019).
The most important monument is the 1 Monumental statue of Merit-Amun(26 ° 33 '56 "N.31 ° 44 ′ 46 ″ E), Meritamun, Mrjt-Jmn, Priestess of Min and the fourth daughter and later wife of Ramses ’II. Her mother was Nefertari, whose third child and eldest daughter she was. After her mother's death, she took her position as the Great Royal Wife of Ramses ’II. Merit-Amun was buried in grave QV 68 in the Valley of the Queens. In addition to the local monumental statutes, Merit-Amun is among others also on the list of princesses at the Great Temple of Abu Simbel, of her representation next to her mother at the Little Temple of Abu Simbel and of her 75 centimeter high bust from the Ramesseum, the so-called "White Queen" (today in Egyptian Museum, Inv. No. CG 600, JE 31413) known.
As in ancient times, the statue stood on the right side of the entrance pylon to the Min Temple. On the other side was the statue of her husband Ramses II, but it has been lost. The erection of a statue at such a prominent figure must have been a special honor for Merit-Amun. There is no such thing for her mother Nefertari.
The 11 meter high limestone statue (figures vary between 10.5 and 11.5 meters) was found broken in two. The lower part of the statue was therefore reconstructed. The original feet are to the right of the statue. The queen is dressed in a tight-fitting, pleated robe and a broad necklace. She holds a scourge in her left hand. She wears a wig. Your ears are exposed and adorned with large earrings. On her head she wears a vulture hood with an Urean wreath, which forms the base for the double feather.
On the back pillar is a two-column inscription that identifies her as Merit-Amun (after el-Masry):
- "... whose forehead is beautiful and bears the Uraeus, the mistress of her master, the colonel [in the harem of Amun] -Re, [sistrum player] the courage, menit player of Hathor, singer of Atum, king's daughter [loved by?] ... [Mer] it- [A] mun. "
- “Beautiful face, beautiful in the palace, the beloved of the Lord of the Two Lands, the one who is at the side of her master like Sothis with Orion, one finds satisfaction in what is said when she opens her mouth for the Lord to calm the two countries, King's daughter in the palace [?] of the lord of the many festivals [?] ... "
The excavator, el-Masri, firmly believes that the statue was originally made for Merit-Amun. This is controversial, however, and there is plausible evidence that an earlier statue from the 18th Dynasty was reused, i.e. usurped. So did Gaballa Ali Gaballa[13] that design details such as the facial features and the almond-shaped eyes are only found in this form in the pre and post-Marna period (late 18th dynasty), but not in the Ramessid period. There are examples of statues of the goddess Mut from the 18th dynasty as well as of Teje, wife of Amenhotep III, who herself comes from Achmim. Zahi Hawass says this statue shows Ankhesenamun, Tutankhamun's wife.[14] A final clarification is not possible. When the statue was made, there was no inscription on it. The current inscription is the first and does not replace an earlier one.
Behind that is that Limestone gate to the Min Templethat was sure to be part of a pylon. The pylon itself was probably only made of bricks and is no longer preserved. Only the lower stone layers of the gateway have been preserved. The inner walls of the gateway were probably decorated only in Roman times. The left side contains an extensive inscription. The right reveal shows, among other things, a procession of gods in two registers (picture strips).
There is one to the left behind the gate Seated statue of King Eje made of calcite, which, according to the inscription on the back pillar, was also usurped by Ramses II. The statue, found in several fragments, was able to be put together almost completely. The depicted king enters Nemes-Headscarf and a loincloth. As Christian Leblanc pointed out, this statue is also clearly a contemporary work of the late 18th dynasty. Among other things, it resembles a statue of Tutankhamun in the Turin Museum (Drovetti Collection, No. 768), so that a ruler from this period like Eje could be considered here.[15]
There was once a counterpart opposite this statue. Further east are the remains of adobe buildings.
West in front of the statue of Merit-Amun were more finds Exhibited from this excavation site, including another fragment of a statue of Ramses ’II. This also includes a headless female figure made of calcite from Roman times, which perhaps represents an image of Isis. The basalt statue of priest Nachtmin is also headless. There is a well in the area of the southwest wall. Other exhibits are various architectural fragments of the temple.
Another excavation area is located between the Feilichtmuseum and the administrative building of the inspectors in the south. The foundations here suggest the remains of a church.
Monumental statue of Ramses ’II
On the opposite side of the street, about 90 meters east-northeast of the museum area, the remains of a building were found in 1991 during construction work about 6 meters below today's street level 2 Colossal seat statue of Ramses ’II.(26 ° 33 '57 "N.31 ° 44 ′ 49 ″ E) made of limestone, of which the lower body and legs have been preserved. In addition to the lower part of the statue, a large fragment of the head was found. It is estimated that the statue was once 13 meters high and weighed 13 tons. The statue is surrounded by a wall. Nevertheless, you can take a look at the statue. The statue faces the street, which means that the associated temple is behind the statue in the area of the cemetery. There may be another pylon behind the statue.
The statue still reaches a height of 6.4 meters today. Behind the legs of Ramses ’II are his daughter Merit-Neith on the left (left leg) and his daughter Bint-Anat on the right. Both daughters are about 2.6 meters high and wear tight-fitting robes and a crown with a sun disk and double feather on their heads. With Merit-Amun there is the inscription "Daughter of the King, his beloved, Great King Wife, Meritamun, may she stay young." may she live. "
On the base of the statue there are two lines of inscriptions on both sides with the title of Ramses II and underneath the symbols of 13 subjugated peoples: Tjehenu (Libyans), Iunu (Nubians), Mentiu (Asians), Hetthites, Kedney, Gurses (Nubians), Irkerek (Nubia or Punt), Kadesch, Shasu (Beduins), Tiwarak (Nubians), Kery (Nubians), Libu (Libyans), and probably Moab. On the sides of the seat, the names of the kings can be found above the symbol of union, in which the heraldic plants of Upper and Lower Egypt are tied together by the Nile gods Hapi. The back contains the royal statute of Ramses ’II in six text columns.
The limestone floor of the temple and the remains of a second statue of Ramses II were found near the seated statue.
Mosques
The 3 Prince Muḥammad Mosque(26 ° 33 '47 "N.31 ° 44 ′ 54 ″ E), Arabic:جامع الأمير محمد, Ǧāmʿ al-Amīr Muḥammad, also Market mosque, Arabic:جامع السوق, Ǧāmʿ as-Sūq, called, is located in the center of the city. Prince Muḥammad came from a family of wealthy landowners. He was born in Ottoman times and was the father of Prince Ḥasan. Prince Muḥammad was dating the el-Hawāra clan Girgā murdered in a dispute over land.
The original mosque was built in 1095 AH (1683) erected. Today's mosque is a new building, only the minaret is old. The 22.6 meter high minaret consists of four parts. The lower part is square, a good 4 meters wide and 8 meters high. This lower part is followed by an octagonal part, which ends at the top with a surrounding balcony. Above it rises a round part with another surrounding balcony. The whole thing is crowned with a pavilion with a dome.
The pillars of the five-aisled mosque support its ornamentally painted flat roof, in which there is a longitudinal light dome (Arabic:شخشيخة, Sheikhah) is located. At the lower edge of the light dome there is a Koranic sura. The walls are painted white and their bases are made of imitation stone.
Nearby is the 4 Prince Thasan Mosque(26 ° 33 '51 "N.31 ° 44 ′ 59 ″ E), Arabic:جامع الأمير حسن, Ǧāmʿ al-Amīr Ḥasan. This is a mosque with a covered courtyard. The wooden ceiling and the light dome are supported by wooden pillars. The beams of the ceiling are decorated with various suras from the Koran. The walls have no decoration, apart from the small colored windows above the mihrab, the prayer niche. There is another small light dome in the ceiling in front of the prayer niche. Above the prayer niche is the Islamic creed twiceلا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله, „There is no god but God, Mohammed is the Messenger of God“, Attached next to each other. The right inscription states the year of construction 1114 AH (1702/1703). According to a ceiling inscription in 1119 AH (1707/1708) the mosque was restored. The tomb of Prince Ḥasan († 1132 AH (1719/1720)) is located in a separate room to the right of the entrance.
The minaret of the mosque is similar to that of the Prince Muḥammad Mosque.
Churches
Note: The churches in Achmīm and Sōhāg have been guarded by soldiers and police officers since around 2000. This can lead to problems if you want to photograph these churches from the outside.
Church for Paul and Anthony
In the 5 Church of Abū Seifein(26 ° 33 '50 "N.31 ° 44 ′ 51 ″ E), Arabic:كنيسة أبي سيفين, Kanīsat Abī Saifain, is a double church that is about two meters below street level in the city center. The older church of Abū Seifein from the 16th to 17th centuries. Century consists of two transepts, at the east end of which there are three Heikal (altar rooms). The pillars and arches are made of uncovered brick architecture. The radicals are from left to right for St. Georg, Abū Seifein (St. Merkurius) and the Archangel Michael determined. The icon wall of the middle Heikal is crowned by a cross. Among them are 15 icons for the twelve apostles and other saints. The inscription of the Heikal reads “Peace for the Heikal of God.” On the right and left in front of the middle Heikal are shrines with the relics of Abū Seifein and St. Simon the Shoemaker (Arabic:القديس سمعان الخراز, al-qiddīs Samaʿān al-charrāz), the latter is also in the Simeon monastery of el-Muqaṭṭam adored. The left Heikal for St. George is adorned with ten icons of various saints. The inscriptions wish peace for the Heikal of God the Father and peace for the Master, King Georgis (St. George), and the year is 1583 AT THE of the Coptic calendar (1866/1867) named as the year the icon wall was made. The right Heikal is decorated with eleven icons for ecclesiastical dignitaries of the early Second such as the Church Father Paul (Anbā Būla). To the right of the last tricky, a door leads to a corridor behind the tricky ones, which was supposed to protect the monks from Bedouin attacks.
- The martyr Mercury , one of the most popular equestrian or military saints, was born in Eskentos in Cappadocia in 224 under the name Philopater, the son of an officer in the Roman army. He, too, later became an officer in the Roman army. It is reported that at the time of the Roman Emperor Decius the city of Rome had to be defended against an army of Berbers in excess. After a few days, the Archangel Michael appeared to Mercury, who presented him with a second, a divine sword with which he could win the battle. The Arabic name Abū es-Seifein, father of the two swords, comes from this event and he is depicted on icons as a mounted warrior with two crossed swords. From 249 Decius (reign 249-251) began to persecute Christians. Since Mercury did not want to renounce Christianity, he was removed from his military ranks and tortured in the Cappadocian Caesarea. On December 4, 250, he was beheaded at the age of 25.
A passage leads to the modern church for the church fathers Paul and Antoniuswhich was built in 1921. The high, three-aisled church has galleries on its sides. The three Heicals are from left to right for St. Menas, for Paul and Antonius as well as for St. Virgo for sure. On the icon wall there is the representation of the Lord's Supper and the representations of the twelve apostles and other saints and angels. The pillars of the church support a wooden ceiling, the central dome of which bears the image of Jesus. There is a pulpit on the left rear pillar. On the side walls there are other icons that show stations from the life of Christ and various saints. On the left wall there is a shrine with relics of St. Menas.
The galleries lead to two other churches. This is on the left the church for the church father Schinūda (Schenute) and on the right for the saint and martyr Father Qulta the doctor (Arabic:الأنبا قلتة الطبيب, al-Anbā Qulta aṭ-Ṭabīb, also Culta or Kolluthus by Antinoe).
Also with the 6 Church of St. Damyana(26 ° 33 '56 "N.31 ° 44 ′ 29 ″ E), Arabic:كنيسة الست دميانة, Kanīsat as-Sitt Damyāna, „Church of the Lady Damyana“, It is also a double church. It is located in the north of the city. The new church was built and enlarged in 2003 on the site of an earlier church. Apart from the screen, nothing remains of the earlier church. The church has three aisles. Columns support the flat ceiling and the central dome. At the west end of the nave you come to a gallery. At the east end there are three Heikal (altar rooms), which from left to right are dedicated to St. Georg, for St. Damyana and the two brothers, church fathers and martyrs Dioskur of Panopolis and Aesculapius (Arabic:القديسين ديسقوروس وأسكلابيوس, al-qiddīsain Dīskūrūs wa-Isklābiyūs) are determined. The Heische also have a domed ceiling. In the screen wall of the middle Heikal there is the representation of the Lord's Supper, the representation of the twelve apostles and those of the Virgin and Christ. The screen walls of the side radicals have icons of various saints.
- While the St. Damyana (St. Damiana) in the Coptic Church which is named after St. The Virgin is the most venerated saint, she is unknown in the Western churches. There are about two dozen churches in Egypt today dedicated to St. Damyana are consecrated.
- Damyana was the only daughter of the Christian Mark, the governor of the province of el-Burullus in the Nile Delta. The beautiful Damyana was brought up in the Christian faith, wanted to keep the virtue of virginity, dedicate her life to Jesus Christ and turned down her father's proposal to marry her to a nobleman. According to her wishes, he built her a palace in ez-Zaʿfarāna, about 20 kilometers from the present monastery Deir el-Qiddīsa Damyāna removed, which later moved another forty like-minded virgins.
- At the time of the Roman emperor Diocletian (around 240–312) he urged all nobles to renounce Christianity and worship idols instead. Those who refused were executed. Markus initially swore, but was confronted by his daughter about his behavior, who threatened him that she no longer wanted to be his daughter. Mark returned to Diocletian and reaffirmed his Christian faith, whereupon he was beheaded. After Diocletian learned of the influence of the Damyana, he sent a statue of himself to the palace of the Damyana and asked her and her 40 virgins to worship this statue. They denied the request and were tortured. But the Lord healed their wounds. Since the torture did nothing, St. Damyana and her virgins executed. 400 witnesses who died after the death of St. Damyana who were converted also suffered martyrdom.[16]
- The martyrs Dioscur of Panopolis and Aesculapius lived as anchorites in the mountains of Achmīm. The Archangel Michael appeared to them and asked them to testify of their faith before the Roman prefect and Christian persecutor Arianus under Emperor Diocletian. They were then tortured and thrown in prison. An angel visited her in prison, comforted her and healed her wounds. Forty soldiers including their captains Philemon and Akouryous saw the angel and converted to Christianity. As a result, all of these soldiers were also tortured and beheaded.[17]
Next to the main church is the Annex church for St. Virginwhich can be reached via a passage from the main church. This three-aisled church also has three heicals for the Archangel Michael, St. Virgin and for the saint, martyr and ophthalmologist Anbā Qulta (St. Kolluthus). The screen wall of this church was originally on the site of the new church and was moved to the annex church. The year 1593 is located in the area of the Mittelheikal AT THE of the Coptic calendar (1876/1877).
weaving
Immediately to the right of the cemetery entrance, across from the archaeological site with the statue of Merit-Amun, is one of four Weaving factories from Achmīm. The weaving mills belong to a women's cooperative that has their products woven by hand. In the immediate vicinity is the shop, in which bales of fabric, but also finished products such as tablecloths, covers, etc. made of cotton and silk in the style of the 1950s are offered.
shop
In the weaving mill of the women's cooperative you can buy fabrics and finished products.
kitchen
Restaurants are in the neighboring one Sōhāg.
accommodation
Accommodation is in the neighboring Sōhāg.
trips
A visit to Achmīm can be combined with a visit to the Whites and Red Monastery at Sōhāg connect. If you have more time, you can also visit the monasteries of el-Kauthar visit.
literature
- Generally
- Panopolis. In:Bonnet, Hans (Ed.): Lexicon of the Egyptian Religious History. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1952, ISBN 978-3-11-016884-6 , P. 580 f.
- : Materials on the archeology and history of the Achmim area. Mainz on the Rhine: from Zabern, 1983, Special publication / German Archaeological Institute, Cairo Department; 11, ISBN 978-3-8053-0590-7 .
- : Akhmim in the Old Kingdom; 1: Chronology and Administration. Sydney: The Australian Center for Egyptology, 1992, The Australian Center for Egyptology Studies; 2, ISBN 978-0-85837-791-2 .
- : Excavations in Akhmīm, Egypt: continuity and change in city life from late antiquity to the present. Oxford: Tempus reparatum, 1993, ISBN 978-0-86054-760-0 .
- : Aḫmīm. In:Christian Coptic Egypt in Arab times; Vol. 1: A - C. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1984, Supplements to the Tübingen Atlas of the Middle East: Series B, Geisteswissenschaften; 41.1, ISBN 978-3-88226-208-7 , Pp. 80-96.
- Excavations in the area of the Min Temple
- : Preliminary Report on the Excavations in Akhmim by the Egyptian Antiquities Organization. In:Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte (ASAE), ISSN1687-1510, Vol.69 (1983), Pp. 7–13, 9 plates. Description of the statue of Merit-Amun and the gateway.
- : A new colossal seated statue of Ramses II from Akhmim. In:Czerny, Ernst (Ed.): Timelines: studies in honor of Manfred Bietak; 1. Leuven [and others]: Peeters, 2006, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta; 149, ISBN 978-90-429-1730-9 , Pp. 129-139.
- Mosques
- : Masǧid al-amīr Muḥammad bi-Aḫmīm: 1095h / 1683m; dirāsa baina ḥaǧǧat waqfihī wa-’l-wāqiʿ. al-Minyā: al-Ǧāmiʿa [university], 1994.
Individual evidence
- ↑Population according to the 2006 Egyptian census, Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, accessed June 9, 2015.
- ↑: Upper egypt: sites. In:Topographical bibliography of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic texts, statues, reliefs, and paintings; Vol.5. Oxford: Griffith Inst., Ashmolean Museum, 1937, ISBN 978-0-900416-83-5 , Pp. 17-26; PDF.
- ↑: La faune momifiée de l’ancienne Egypt. Lyon: George, 1903, P. 79 ff. (Volume II). – : La faune momifiée de l’antique Égypte. Le Caire : Impr. de l’IFAO, 1905, S. 142 ff.
- ↑Herodotus, Histories, Buch II, 91.
- ↑: Johann Leo’s des Africaners Beschreibung von Africa ; Erster Band : welcher die Uebersetzung des Textes enthält. Herborn: Buchhandlung der hohen Schule, 1805, Bibliothek der vorzüglichsten Reisebeschreibungen aus den frühern Zeiten ; 1, S. 549.
- ↑: A Description of the east and some other countries ; Volume the First: Observations on Egypt. London: W. Bowyer, 1743, S. 76 f.
- ↑Lepsius, Richard, Monuments from Egypt and Ethiopia, Textband II, S. 162–167; Abth. III, Band VI, Tafel 114.
- ↑: Fragments du texte grec du Livre d’Énoch et de quelques écrits attribués à Saint Pierre. In:Mémoires / Mission archéologique française au Caire (MMAF), Bd. 9,1 (1892), S. 91–147. — : Das Evangelium des Petrus : das kürzlich gefundene Fragment seines Textes. Erlangen [u.a.]: Deichert, Georg Böhme, 1893.
- ↑: Die Graeber- und Textilfunde von Achmim-Panopolis. Strassburg, 1891.
- ↑: Egypt: Handbook for Travelers; Part 2: Upper Egypt and Nubia to the Second Cataract. Leipzig: Baedeker, 1891, S. 55.
- ↑: Egypt and the Sûdan: Handbook for Travelers. Leipzig: Baedeker, 1928 (8th edition), S. 222.
- ↑: Le temple d’Akhmîm décrit par Ibn Jobair. In:Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale (BIFAO), vol.51 (1952), S. 123–135. — Siehe auch Kuhlmann, Materialien, a.a.O., S. 26 f.
- ↑Nevine El-Aref: Touring the sands of time ; Great statue - but who is it? (archivierte Version vom 5. Mai 2003 im Internet Archive archive.org), Al-Ahram Weekly, Nr. 576, vom 7. März 2002.
- ↑: Recent Discoveries at Akhmin. In:KMT : a modern journal of ancient Egypt, ISSN1053-0827, Vol.16,1 (2005), S. 18–23, insbesondere S. 19 f.
- ↑: Isis-Nofret, grande épouse de Ramsès II : La reine, sa famille et Nofretari. In:Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale (BIFAO), ISSN0255-0962, Vol.93 (1993), S. 313–333, 8 Tafeln, insbesondere S. 332 f., Tafel 3.
- ↑Coptic Synaxarium (Martyrologium) for 13. Tuba (Coptic Orthodox Church Network)
- ↑: The Saints of Egypt : an alphabetical compendium of martyrs, patriarchs and sainted ascetes in the Coptic calendar, commemorated in the Jacobite Synascarium. London, New York: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, MacMillan, 1937, S. 124 f. Synaxarium (Martyrologium) zum 1. Tuba.
