Bolimów - a large village in Poland, located in voivodeship of Lodz, in Skierniewice County, headquarters Bolimów commune.
Description
Geographic coordinates: 52 ° 04′35 ″ N 20 ° 09′47 ″ E
The village is situated on the left bank Rawki, North of Skierniewice, at the intersection of roads with Łowicz down Sochaczew and to Skierniewice, near the northern edge Bolimowska Primeval Forest, approx. 1 km north of the A-2 motorway.
History
In the Middle Ages, there was a stronghold, mentioned as a town already in 1370, probably with a borough, near which markets were held. It was most likely an unsuccessful location, as it is listed as a village in later documents. The route of Władysław Jagiełło's army to Grunwald led through Bolimów. The city rights were granted (renewed?) By Duke Siemowit V in 1519. Bolimów had its own seal and coat of arms. According to data from 1570, there were 326 houses and 164 craftsmen here, which proves that it was a very large estate for those times. In the 17th century, Bolimów was the seat of the non-town starosty. After the destruction of the "Swedish Deluge" and the Northern War, it was rebuilt very slowly. In 1793, there were 72 houses and 100 empty plots, the number of inhabitants was 347, including 37 craftsmen. The number of inhabitants increased from 550 in 1808 to 1004 in 1859. In 1870 Bolimów lost its municipal rights. During the November Uprising, there was a temporary headquarters of Polish troops, including Skrzynecki was quartered here. During the January Uprising in 1863, the city was captured by insurgents under the command of Strojnowski for a few days, but soon the unit was defeated on February 7, 1863 near Budy Bolimowskie.
Atrocities of the First World War
During World War I, in the period from December 1914 to July 1915, the front line ran near Bolimów (part of the larger battles, the so-called Battle of Rawka), stretching along the Rawka and Bzura rivers. Near Bolimów, on January 31, 1915, the German army used chemical weapons for the first time. The Russian positions were fired upon by 12-T artillery shells filled with xylyl bromide - an agent similar to tear gas. However, due to the low air temperature (-21 ° C), this chemical did not evaporate, so the attack proved unsuccessful. Less than six months later, on May 31, 1915, the largest gas attack in the eastern theater of hostilities took place. The German army, between Bolimów and Sochaczew, used 264 tons of liquid chlorine against the Russian army, released from 12,000 cylinders located in front of the Russian trenches. This amount was more than twice the amount of gas used in the gas attack carried out in April 1915 at Ypres. Several thousand people died within a dozen or so minutes (the exact number cannot be determined). Many died in hospitals as a result of gas poisoning. In total, the German gas attack killed nearly 11,000 people. Until July, two more gas attacks were carried out, one of which was unsuccessful because the wind pushed the gas to German positions. Souvenirs from that period are two fire gongs made of halves of chlorine cylinders, one of them in the yard of the Konopczyński pottery factory. There are numerous war cemeteries near Bolimów (e.g. in Kolonia Bolimowska Wieś, Wólka Łasiecka, Joachimów Mogiłach, Humina).
Worth seeing
The village has retained its former urban layout with a rectangular market square and a street grid. Buildings are mostly single-storey. A row of wooden houses from the first half of the Of the nineteenth century with a log structure, some with two-bay with a passage, e.g. houses at ul. Farna 8, 12, Sokołowska 11 and others.
According to the register of monuments kept by the National Heritage Institute, the following objects are entered on the list of monuments:
- conservation protection zone (market square with buildings ...), registration number: 792 from 10.08.1989
- parish church Holy Trinity, 1660-67, reg.No .: R.96-VI-5 from March 29, 1949 and 107 from August 15, 1961, late Renaissance from the middle of the 19th century. 17th century, brick, single-nave with a narrower presbytery, founded by Stanisław Nieborowski. Torn body with a high roof. In the nave and presbytery there is a barrel vault with lunettes, decorated with rich late Renaissance stucco decoration.
- Roman Catholic cemetery, Poświętne, 17th-19th century, register number: 938 from November 10, 1993
- filial church of st. Anny, 1635, reg.no .: R.97-VI-6 from March 29, 1949 and 108 from August 15, 1961
Church (now a subsidiary) of St. Anna from 1635, late Renaissance, founded by the burghers of Bolimów, a single-nave building with outstanding architectural value, has a remarkably native character. Oriented, with a rectangular nave and a square chancel. On the west side, a four-sided tower topped with a slender cupola. The body with a high roof, tightened with buttresses. Inside, on the nave and presbytery vaults, a stucco decoration in the Kalisz-Lublin type. The richly decorated baroque main altar from 1640. and west German artillery shells from 1914 are stuck in the outer walls of the church.
- Roman Catholic cemetery, ul. Skierniewicka, reg.no .: 939 of November 19, 1993
- Jewish cemetery in Bolimów, registry number: 898 from December 21, 1992
- house, ul. Farna 14, wooden, 18th / 19th century, registration number: 101-VI-10 from March 29, 1949 and March 16, 1961
Bolimów was a well-known pottery center already in the 19th century. Before World War I, there was a pottery guild here associating several dozen craftsmen. It has only survived to this day the pottery workshop of the Konopczyński family, in which the third generation makes various types of utility and decorative vessels in white glaze, with a characteristic plant and animal ornament. The plant is open to the public.
South of Bolimów, the Joachimów-Ziemiary reservoir is a fishing ground.
The "Walk nad Rawką" hiking trail runs through Bolimów.
Where next
The following roads lead from Bolimów: south to Skierniewice (14 km), of which 10 km through the forest; in the east down Żyrardów (21 km) and Sochaczew (26 km).
- The village is 3 km away Weasers. On the right, right next to the route, a defensive site from the beginning of 17th century. On the pond, there is a square island, raised high, with brick cellars vaulted and ruined.
- Bolimowska Primeval Forest South of Bolimów, on both sides of the Rawka, vast forests, once royal, later private, in the interwar period partially owned by Nieborów and Guzów, currently state-owned (Skierniewice and Radziwiłłów forest districts). They are a remnant of a larger forest, a favorite hunting place of Polish kings, where the last herd of aurochs in the world lived in the 16th and 17th centuries. Tur - a wonderful forest animal, a royal hunting trophy, ancestor of our domestic cattle - despite the protection undertaken in the 15th and 16th centuries by the Polish rulers, it became completely extinct in 1627 as a species.
The Bolimów Primeval Forest is covered mainly by pine forests, sometimes peat-covered and dry in some places. The original oak and lime forests fell victim to the developed forest industry, as evidenced by the names of numerous villages: Smolarnia, Popielarnia, Bartniki, Grabie, Budy. The forest landscape is diversified by numerous clearings with very colorful wet meadows and the Rawka valley.
- On the northern edge of the forest, 5 km from Bolimów, next to the village of Mogiły - the cemetery of the insurgents of 1863. In the western part of the forest, between Wólka Łasiecka and Borowinami, the so-called The "Cossack Road" which is yet another testimony to the historical events of the January Uprising.
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