 | ||
| 日光 市 | ||
| prefecture | Tochigi | |
|---|---|---|
| Residents | approx. 90,000 | |
other value for residents on Wikidata: 77027   | ||
| Tourist info | 81-288-22-1525 Nikko City Tourism Association | |
| no tourist info on Wikidata: | ||
| location | ||
| ||
Nikko is a Japanese city in the prefecture Tochigi in the region Kantō. The city of Nikkō itself is quite young (founded as such in 1954), but there are some very old sights of Japan in its area, leading to the UNESCO world cultural heritage counting. The mountain landscape has always attracted many local and foreign tourists.
background
The story of Nikkō begins as early as 766 with the construction of the Rinnō-ji temple. In the early Edo period, the Nikkō Tōshōgū, i.e. the Tokugawa mausoleum and the Nikko Highway (Nikkō Kaidō) opened in the capital, the splendid decoration of the burial temple for the first and third Tokugawa Shogun is the most important excursion destination. Even the oldest travel guides mention the almost baroque splendor. If you have several days to spare, you should also enjoy the surrounding area.
getting there
Please note that it can get very crowded during the high season. To this count the time around New Year, Golden Week in May, the first three weeks of August and all summer weekends through October.
The city of Nikkō is located about 140 km north of Tokyo in the mountains on the edge of the Japanese Alps.
By train
- Tobu
Nikkō is on the Tobu-Nikkō line and can be reached via this in less than two hours from Tokyo.
The beginning of this railway line (on which the Japan Rail Pass does not apply) is on Tokyo’s Yamanote Line in Asakusa. Nota bene is located in this district of the Sensō-ji in which there are tombs other shoguns.
The company's two passport offers are a sensible purchase for all tourists returning to Tokyo; however, both do not include the entrance fee to the shrine and museums. Express trains are still subject to a surcharge. The sales point is on the ground floor of Asakusa station im Tobu Tourist Information Center, which opens daily from 7.20 a.m. to 7.00 p.m. If you don't pay the high surcharge for the express trains, there is no direct connection with one-way trains between Asakusa and Tobu-Nikkō, but you have to change 3-4 times.
The two calendar days are sufficient for day trips World Heritage Area Pass. For ¥ 2000 (2018) there is a return ticket to Asakusa between and 1 Shimo Imaichi(Japanese: 下 今 市 駅), from there unlimited use of the routes to Tobu-Nikkō or 2 Shin-Fujiwara(新 藤原 駅). Plus all Tobu buses in the region (the company has a monopoly).
The four calendar days valid All Area Pass, in addition to the above, covers the Nikkō-Kinugawa-Onsen buses, the cable car Akechidaira Ropeway and the tour on Lake Chūzenji. As not all attractions are open all year round, the pass (2018) costs ¥ 4,520 from April 20 to Nov. 30, and ¥ 4150 for the rest of the year.
- JR East
who the JR-Bahns can use up 3 Utsonomiya(宇 都 宮) take the Shinkansen and change there to the Nikkō line.
By bus
There is no bus connection to / from Tokyo.
In the street
A toll road leads north from Tokyo via Urawa and Oyama to Utsunomiya, from here there is a junction to Nikko, about 35 km away.
mobility
The city of Nikko itself can be explored on foot, but it is not that interesting itself. It is essentially a collection of houses to the left and right of the only main street Sugi Namiki, which leads two kilometers from the train station to the shrine. With the exception of the temples and shrines, which are part of the world cultural heritage, most of the sights are so far away that it is advisable to use a bus from the Tobu bus line. The starting point are the stations of the Tobu-Nikkō-Line and the state-owned JR in the southeast of the city.
It should be noted that the bus prices are comparatively high, but included for holders of the Tobu Nikkō Pass. Some lines have a winter break or shortened routes from December to March. Buses run, non-clocked, between shortly after 6:00 a.m. and around 7:00 p.m.
Tourist Attractions
Many tourist attractions in Nikkō take a winter break from December to March.
- There is a tourist information office in the Tobu train station. A 2-day pass for local buses is available here (¥ 2000); Day tickets are not sold.
- 1 Nikkō Kyōdō Center, 591 Gokōmachi (about halfway between the train stations and Shinkyō Bridge). Tel.: 81 288-54-2496. City information on the ground floor, small local history exhibition and cafe on the first floor.
World Heritage Sites
.jpg/220px-Five-story_pagoda_(11284308045).jpg)
Anyone who is not good at walking will take part in the 4 Daiyuin Futarasan-jinjamae stop dumped. Three lines stop here. There are snacks to eat nearby 1 Santei(さ ん な い 食堂).
The main attraction of the city, the World Heritage Sites in the area of the Nikko Toshogu is divided into sub-areas. The shrines and temples standing here trace their foundation to Shōdō Shōnin (8th century). The bilingual signage, also with maps in the area, is good, so that the individual buildings are easy to find. Starting from the main street at the Shinkyō Bridge (see below), stand up the slope:
A memorial commemorates Masasuna Matsudaira, who led the twenty-year development phase of the Tōshōgū. During this time a good 15,000 crescent fir trees were grown along 36 km of paths that also stretched to the western end of Nikkō 5 Shimo Imaichi(下 今 市 駅) were planted.
- 5 Treasure house (日光 山 輪 王 寺 宝物 殿). Price: Costs extra, visit to the park Shoyo-en behind incl.
- 6 Shihonryu-ji (四 本 龍 寺). Buddhist temple, originally founded in 788. Today it is a side temple of the Rinnō-ji, but worth a visit because of the old buildings.
- 7 Taiyu-in (大猷 院) (The splendid side temple can be reached if you go a little further on the way to the Futarasan, up the slope to the left). Burial place for the third shogun Iemitsu whose laws finally laid down the rigidification of society and the foreclosure of foreign countries for the next two centuries. Of the six gates that belong to the mausoleum, the gate directly at the entrance is the most splendid.
- Toshogu
To the left on the forecourt is the 5-story pagoda, the original was destroyed by lightning in 1815. In order to be able to convert them, a separate entrance fee is due.
- 9 Toshogu (東 照 宮). Tickets are available on the left before the stairs leading to the Omote-mon gate (表 門) leads. It is advisable to come as early as possible, from 11.00 onwards, especially on weekends, it gets very crowded and, thanks to the guides of numerous school classes, it gets noisy even by Japanese standards. In contrast to the usual practice of painting shrines at best in vermilion, the design of the halls is colorful, with a lot of gold.Price: ¥ 1300 (Museum combo ticket): ¥ 2100.
Through the ornate Yōmei gate (陽明 門) one arrives in the inner courtyard of the core of the plant. The renovation of the main gate was completed in March 2017. The famous dragon paintings in the ceiling are imitations from 1969, the originals are in the museum.
Most famous are the carved borders on the outside of the three warehouses with the three monkeys: “Hear nothing, see nothing, say nothing,” which was a life-prolonging strategy for a Japanese living among the Tokugawas if he had to deal with his authorities . However, the Tōshōgū is primarily the mausoleum for the unification of the empire and the first Tokugawa shōgun Ieyasu. The carving of the "sleeping cat" on the way to the actual mausoleum, created by the left-hander - which is also emphasized by the name - Hidari Jingorō is also very well known. Before entering the main hall (Hon-den; inside photography ban) take off your shoes. In the large anteroom, Shinto priests regularly give brief explanations in Japanese with concluding prayer instructions. The right wing is the room in which the emissaries of the rulers asked the gods whether they should wage war or not. Numerous paintings of aristocrats in courtly official attire hang under the ceiling. These pictures served as a template for certain variants of the card game Uta-Garuta. On the side of the anteroom is the sales stand for devotional objects, which is indispensable in Japanese sacred buildings.
Holy of Holies Nai-nai-jin is not accessible to visitors. Ieyasus's ghost lives here with two comrades, namely Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Minamoto no Yoritomo in a gold-lacquered tabernacle.
On the forecourt are the large temple bell and a bronze “candelabra” which the Dutch trading company donated to the memory of Ieyasu after it had obtained the monopoly on foreign trade.
In the hall Kagura-den ceremonial dances take place.
in the Shinyo-sha one preserves the portable shrines Mikoshithat take place during the annual festival (matsuri) on 17./18. May be carried around. A similar event in mid-October is much smaller. Towards the end of the month you try again through the event Light Up Nikko to attract visitors at the end of the season. The temples are illuminated in bright colors.
- There is a small one in the left wing 10 Toshogu Shrine Museum. The sixteen exhibits, including poor copies of some national treasures, are not worth the extra entrance fee.Open: 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. (winter until 4 p.m.).Price: ¥ 200.
The octagonal rotating library is a very late example of such systems developed in Sung-era China.[1] Their purpose was to keep the books of the complete Buddhist canons to record. By turning, one achieved the same karmic merit as having read all of the contained sutras once.
To the upper level of the Tōshōgū, the Okumiyhai-den(奥 宮 拝 殿) you have to climb 207 steps. Here is Ieyasu's actual tomb. For this you have to pay an additional entrance fee (which, however, will not be charged until the renovation work is completed around 2020).
- Futarasan Shrine
_haiden.JPG/220px-Futarasan_Shrine_(Nikko)_haiden.JPG)
The name Futarasan derives from the nearby volcano 11 Nantai-san(二 荒山) here. Whose Kamis live here in the sanctuary. The former name of the shrine is Japanese kun- Reading of the characters, the second the Sino-Japanese on-Reading. The path to the shrine is decorated on one side with a long line of stone lanterns nearly two meters high. It is much quieter here than in Tōshōgū.
Through the bronze Torii one arrives at the "Chinese gate," Kara-mon, next comes the Shark-den. The latter is also richly decorated with carvings, the ceiling is decorated with dragons.
The main hall, Honing in its current form dates from 1619.
The annual Matsuri is on 17./18. April.
East of the train station, along the Daya
- One of the main attractions is the 12 Shinkyō Bridge (神 橋). The 28 m long wooden bridge, painted red, is part of the city's world heritage. She is part of the Futara-sanShrine. According to its founding legend, helped at this point Kami the monk Shōdō across the river, turning into two snakes. An older bridge was renewed in its current form in 1666 but was swept away in 1907. Renovated, the replica has been open to pedestrians since 1979. From the 30 m parallel road bridge there is an opportunity for “picture opportunity.”.Open: 8.30 a.m. - 4.00 p.m.Price: ¥ 300.
It is advisable to take the path down to the river about 150 m east of the bridge until you reach the public road after a good two kilometers 13 Yashi-o-no onsen (日光 和 の 代 温泉 や し お の 湯; 10.00-21.00; ¥ 300) is coming. There are four small but interesting temples and shrines along the way through the rocky river bed.
- About halfway there is also a 14 Botanical Garden (属 植物園 日光 分 園) (3 km from the train station; several bus routes (¥ 350; Nikkō pass valid). From the main road to the river between the gas station and the ramen restaurant). Well-kept park with scientific labeling. The owner is the University of Tokyo.Open: 15.4.-30.11 .: 9.30 a.m.-4.30 p.m.Price: ¥ 400.
Back on the main street, provided you have good footwear, you can make a detour to the 15 Urami waterfall(裏 見 の 滝) do. It's a good 1½ km steep up the slope. Continuing up the stream you come to the smaller one Kannon-Waterfall.
From the height of the Onsen the road leads with numerous serpentines up to the mountain lake 16 Chūzenji-ko (see below). It is named after the old Japanese syllable alphabet I-ro-ha with 50 syllables (“one per curve”) and is therefore called Iroha-zaka. The path used to be too steep to be tackled on horses and is still impressive today from the bus.
Halfway, at Umagaeshi, it branches off 17 2. Iroha-zaka (第二 い ろ は 坂 = New Romantic Highway) from. Those who are not very good on foot should take the bus. At its end you can reach the short one 6 Akechidaira cable car(明智 平 ロ ー プ ウ ェ イ), the use of which (9.00-16.00) is included in the price of the Nikkō pass (otherwise ¥ 400 in 2018), as well as the bus journey (¥ 1580 from Nikkō-Shiyakusho 3 min. from the train station). In good weather, nice view of the lake from above. The main season is here until October, when the colorful leaves make the landscape appear particularly beautiful.
Chūzenji Lake
.jpg/220px-Chuzenji--Italian_Embassy_Museum_(4866035776).jpg)
Once on the other side, you will reach the village of Chūgūshi. It is located at an altitude of 1269 m on the shores of Lake Chūzenji (中 禅寺 湖)which was created by the eruption of the now long extinct volcano Nantai - its height is 2486 m. The lake has an area of almost 12 km² and a shore length of 22 km. There are from late April to October 7 Boat trips (from 中 禅寺 湖 遊 覧 船; ¥ 1250 or included in the Nikkō Pass). The water temperature is only from the end of July to August with a little over 20 ° C so that you could swim. Fishing is prohibited in the eastern half. Immediately at the boat launch is the 2 Tonkatsu-ya Asai(ト ン カ ツ 浅井) one of the few restaurants that are still open here in the early evening (until 7 p.m.). Only six seats, so there is often a queue in front of the door at noon, the operating elderly couple delivers the perfect fried pork (a little Japanese is helpful).
The outflow of this lake is spectacular: it is that 18 Kegon waterfall, which falls 97 m into the valley. The elevator down (8 am-5pm) costs ¥ 550 (2018). A village has emerged in the vicinity, in which simple restaurants offer Japanese food, and you can also find the usual souvenir shops. There are also rowing and pedal boats for hire, in short: it is a destination for families.
- This is halfway between the waterfall and the lake, 300 m each 3 Information Center. conveniently with luggage lockers. The natural history museum on the opposite side of the street doesn't necessarily have to be seen from the inside.
- The lake was next Karuizawa, a popular summer retreat for wealthy foreigners who lived in the Tokyo area in the early 20th century. You can hike along the entire north and west side (a good 8 km) on tarred roads. There is a path around the rest of the bank.
The British envoy Ernest Swatow got involved 19 Holiday home build on the south bank. His Italian colleague did the same a few meters away. Both villas are now open to the public as museums (9 am-4pm; winter break).
Between the Kegon Falls and the villas is the almost entirely dark red temple 20 Bandō-ohako Nikkōyama Chūzen-ji (坂 東 十八 番 日光 山 中 禅寺; costs admission), as the name suggests, No. 18 on the 33 Kannon pilgrimage route. He is a side temple of the Rinnō-ji in Nikkō and thus the Tendai associated. Founded in the 12th century, its current form dates back to a new building in 1913. The main sanctuary is a 5.70 m high statue of the Tachi-ki-Kannon. It is said to be carved from a single piece of wood.
- 21 Chūgūshi (中 宮 祠, Nikkofutarasan Shrine Okumiya) (about 200 from the post office or boat docks to the east). An offshoot of the Futarasan shrine in the lake village of the same name.Price: Treasure House costs admission.
- to eat out
In the area between the boat launch and the waterfall along the road there are numerous restaurants and souvenir shops, the pricing of which makes it clear that you can ask tourists much higher prices than usual.
- camping
- 1 Shobugahama camp (菖蒲 ケ 浜 キ ャ ン プ 場), 2485 Chūgūshi (By the bank, near the junction to the Ryūzu Falls. On foot from the main road 100 m after turning north from the lakeshore, after the small temple, in front of the stream a good 200 m through the area. By car to the parking lot of the Prince-Hotels, then 200 m towards the lake.). Tel.: 81 288-55-0227. For those who are hungry, there is a ramen restaurant on the main street. In midsummer there is another campsite a little way down the bank.Open: check-in: 1 p.m.-8 p.m., check-out: 11 a.m.Price: tent: ¥ 1080; Bungalows (6-8 people) ¥ 11,000-20,000.
Ryūzu Falls
- 22 Ryūzu waterfall (竜 頭 ノ 滝) (The bends from the lake Romantic Highway to the north. The signposted path begins before a bend, some stairs). Falls distributed over several steps, each about 10 m high. Particularly worth visiting in May / June when the rhododendrons are in bloom, or in autumn because of the colorful foliage. On the way, shortly after leaving the main road, you come to the small temple of Ryūzu-Kannon (竜 頭 観 世 音) past. The river from Nantai-san feeds the lake.
Something below is a 23 "Forest and Fish Observation Park" of the State Fisheries Research Institute (さ か な と 森 の 観 察 園; in summer 9.00-16.00). There are some aquariums in the open with explanations, as well as shallow ponds with animals. Well worth a detour because of the unusual performance (¥ 300).
Nikko Yumoto Onsen
- Senjogahara (戦 場 ヶ 原) (Buses to Nikko-Yumoto). A wetland protected since 2005, partly bog, partly swamp, between the lake and Nikkō-Yumoto. A good ten kilometers of hiking trails, ideal for bird watching, etc., are marked, some of which have only been made accessible by wooden planking.
- 24 Nikko Yumoto Onsen (日光 湯 元) (80 min. By bus from Nikkō, still within the scope of the Tobu Pass). Tel.: 81 288-62-2321. The place is on Lake Yumoko. There are fifteen accommodations. The water of the hot springs is sulfuric acid. Apart from a public bath, you can also wash your feet in a basin in the village. in the Visitor center one also exhibits stuffed animals. The surrounding wooded mountains are nature reserves where bears and monkeys still live. The latter should, if possible, not be fed if you come across them on a hike, otherwise they will be about as intrusive as traders in Indian or Moroccan bazaars. The Nantai-san can be climbed from around mid-May to October. The Nihon Romantic Highway leads past.Open: Expect snow from mid-September.
Kinugawa Onsen
The Tobu train (Kinugawa Onsen or 8 Kinugawa-koen(鬼怒川 公園 駅)) or by bus, located in the valley of the river of the same name, differs little from other average onsen in the country. The range of accommodation is accordingly.
Right in the park at Kinugawa-koen station, it's rustic Iwaburo-Bath (鬼怒川 公園 岩 風 呂; Wed-Mon 10.00-21.00; Foreign ¥ 510).
You can walk in the river for about forty minutes wooden boats row down (2018: ¥ 2800; combined ticket with cable car ¥ 3300). Departure is about every half hour 9.00-15.45 behind the Kanaya Hotel. In bad weather or high water, there is no driving.
From the valley station of the 9 Cable car (鬼怒川 温泉 ロ ー プ ウ ェ イ; 9.00-16.00; ¥ 1100 return) there is an altitude difference of 300 meters on the Maruyama. There is that upstairs Onsen shrine, free roaming monkeys and a viewing platform.
For owners of the Nikko Pass there are small discounts on admission to:
- 25 Nikkō Edōmura Amusement park (also Edowonderland), in which the life of the Edo period (approx. 1600-1863 / 9) is vividly depicted with 22 historicizing reconstructed houses (2018: ¥ 4700). Actors dressed as geisha, ninja or samurai enliven the scene. There is a free shuttle bus that runs four times a day to / from Fujiya Kanko Center (in front of the Tōshōgū).
- in the 26 Tobu World Square 102 major buildings in the world (Notre Dame, Pyramids of Giza, etc.) were reduced to 1 in 25 (2018: ¥ 2800).
Kirifuri-kogen
activities
Hike in the surrounding area and bathe in hot springs as described. Cross-country trails are also groomed in winter. Information on renting skis is available from the city tourist information office.
The 27 Kirifuri ice rink(栃 木 県 立 日光 霧 降 ア イ ス ア リ ー ナ) opens 10.00-15.30.
shop
As in all Japanese cities, the main business district is around the train stations, but there are only small shops here that close at 6pm.
kitchen
Many restaurants close at 7 p.m. "Tourist prices" are common. Almost everyone is at the train stations and along the road to the shrine.
Cheap
- 3 Hippari Dako (ひ っ ぱ り 凧), 1011 Kamihatsuishimachi. One is prepared for foreigners. Yakitori and Japanese standard noodle dishes of decent quality.Open: 12.00pm-5.00pm, 6.00pm-8.30pm.
Upscale
- 4 Masudaya (ゆ ば 亭 ま す だ や), 439-2 Ishiyamachi (Right on the main street, 250 m from the train station Ri. Shrine). Tel.: 81 288-54-2151. Definitely the first place in the world for Japanese food. The interior is comparatively simple. As the name suggests, you specialize in yuba, i.e. first quality soybean-based cuisine with corresponding prices.Open: Fri-Wed 11.00-15.00.Price: Menu ¥ 3900-5200 (tax and drinks).
- 5 Meiji-no-Yakata, 2339-1 Sannai (On the slope east of the shrine). Steak and a lot of other meat, pies. The building, which is now a listed building, was originally the vacation villa of an American living in Yokohama.Open: 11.00 a.m.-7.30 p.m.Price: main meal from ¥ 2000; Multi-course meals from ¥ 5000 (tax and drinks).
nightlife
You go to bed early in Nikkō, the place dies by 8 p.m.
accommodation
The Tourist Office's website offers one Accommodation search (English, also surrounding area)
Cheap
- 2 Dayakawa campsite (日光 だ い や 川 公園 オ ー ト キ ャ ン プ 場), 733-3 Segawa (At the western end of Nikkōdaiyagawa Park. No bus. From the Kami-Imaichi train station (上 今 市 駅) 1½ km. To the city center 3 km). Tel.: 81 288-23-0201. Well-kept newer complex, paths illuminated at night, several toilets / washing facilities distributed in the area. Coin laundrette in the reception building.Open: Reception and showers 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. Also open in winter (7:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.).Price: tent ¥ 1520; Car parking space with electricity and water ¥ 5260.
- 3 Teddy Bear House (Bus Momiji-Daira Bessou Iriguchi, 10 min. Walk). Tel.: 81 288-25-3022. Pick-up from the train station in the afternoons possible after booking in advance.Open: check in 16.00-22.00, check-out 10.00.Price: 5-bed dormitory ¥ 3600 tax.
- 4 Nikko Park Lodge (日光 パ ー ク ロ ッ ジ 東 武), 11-6 Matsubarachō, (On the main street opposite. Tobu Station). Tel.: 81 288-25-3310. Price: Dormitory: ¥ 2890; Doubles: ¥ 5300.
- Nikko Guesthouse Sumica, 5-12 Aioichō (Right on the forecourt between the two train stations). Western bunk beds.Open: check-in: 16.00-21.30, closing time and lights off 23.00; check-out 10.30.
health
- Doctors and Hospitals
Practical advice
In addition to the lockers in the train station, there are also lockers at all attractions. Please note the severely restricted access times. The prices are also well above the national average (¥ 300 handbag size, ¥ 500 daypacks).
Only the ATMs in front of the post offices accept international credit cards, they also switch off at night, as everywhere in the country.
- Post (郵 便 局)
- 6 Main post (日光 本 町 郵 便 局), 2-32 Honchō (Not far from the entrance of the shrine). The ideal place to send postcards to loved ones at home.Open: Mon.-Fri. 9.00-17.00.
- 7 Post office (日光 駅 前 郵 便 局), 12-1 Matsubaracho (Across the square from Tobu-Bhf. at the main street).
- 8 Post office (清 滝 郵 便 局), 2-4 Kiyotaki.
trips
Ashio
.jpg/220px-足尾銅山観光_-_panoramio_(1).jpg)
The unchecked monopoly capitalist economic order of the imperialist character, which has dominated Japan since the Meiji period, ensured that copper was mined here for decades without regard to losses and that the environment was destroyed as a result. As early as the 1880s, fish in the lakes downstream were dying and deforestation continued. A collecting basin created around 1900 is now one after the Ramsar Convention protected wetland. Memorial stones were erected for the Chinese and Korean slave laborers who were employed here during the war and who did not make their work here.
The mine closed in 1973, and forty years later the slopes of the valley are so damaged that nothing grows. Only the waters that run off are hardly polluted today.
- Directions
It is only 30 km from Nikko by road.
Für Eisenbahnfans sicherlich interessanter wäre es, die von Nikkō aus deutlich längere Anfahrt auf sich zu nehmen, um die einspurige Privatbahn zu benutzen, die 44 km von Süden durch das Tal fährt. In 12 Kiryu(桐生駅) hat man Anschluss an das JR-Netz. In 13 Aioi / Aobahshi(相老駅). April bis November gibt es an Wochenenden spezielle Museumsfahrten.
literature
Praktisch jeder Reiseführer zu Japan erwähnt die Stadt.
- Nikkōsan Tōshōgū kyūsaiten ryakuzu; von 1891, ist ein altjapanisches Bilderbuch eines Samurai-Zugs zum Schrein.
- 日光東照宮寫眞帖 Nikkō Tōshōgū shashinchō; Farbbildband von 1936
Web links
- Karte radioktiver Belastung (pdf; vierteljährliche updates)
- Webseite der Nikkō-Tourist-Association, auch mit Unterkunftsverzeichnis, inkl. Ashio, Ima-ichi, Chuzen-ji usw.
- Homepage der Präfektur Tochiki (englisch)
- Tobu-Bahngesellschaft auch zur Online-Buchung der Pässe.
- ↑Einzelheiten in Prip-Møller, Johannes; Lohner, Henry; Buddhistische Tempel in China; 2017; Bd. I, S. 145-55; ISBN ISBN 978-3-7448-7270-6