Egypt - Ai Cập

Egypt The official name is Egypt Arab Republic is a republic located in North Africa, the Middle East and Southwest Asia. This country was also transliterated by the Vietnamese before the 20th century as Y Diep as in Pham Phu Thu's book of the West. The steady annual floods of the Nile River, coupled with the semi-isolation of the eastern and western deserts, led to the development of one of the great civilizations. best of the world.

overview

History

The steady annual floods that carry much of the Nile's silt, coupled with the semi-isolation of the eastern and western deserts, led to the development of one of the great civilizations. best of the world. Egypt is considered to have been founded around 3100 BC by the legendary pharaoh Menes, who built Memphis and chose it as his capital. The last vernacular dynasty, known as the 30th Dynasty, fell to the Persians in 343 BC and the last Egyptian pharaoh, Nectanebo II, abdicated. At that time the Egyptians dug the first foundation of the Suez Canal and connected the Red Sea with the Mediterranean. After that, Egypt was ruled by the Greeks, Romans, Byzantines (Byzantine) and again by the Persians.

It was Muslim Arabs who introduced Islam and Arabic to Egypt in the 7th century, and the Egyptians gradually adopted both influences. Muslim rulers appointed by the caliph took control of Egypt for the next three centuries. Autonomous dynasties began with hereditary governors from 868. Egypt reached its peak of power with three dynasties Fatimid (from Morocco to Syria), Ayyubid (conquered the coalition of Western European countries. ), and Mamluk (conquered Mongolia and Western Europe). From 1517 Egypt was subordinated to the Ottoman Empire of the Turks, and then to French and British influence until the 20th century.

After the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt became an important shipping hub for the world; however, the country also has a huge debt burden. Under the pretext of protecting its investments, Britain seized control of the Egyptian government in 1882, but it remained nominally under the Ottoman Empire until 1914.

After regaining full independence from Britain in 1922, the Egyptian Parliament drafted and adopted a 1923 constitution under the leadership of the people's revolutionary Saad Zaghlul. From 1924 to 1936, the Egyptians succeeded in establishing an executive government in the form of government Europe modern; called the Egyptian Freedom Test. The British, however, retained some control leaving the government without the necessary stability. In 1952, a military coup forced King Farouk, of the constitutional monarchy, to abdicate the throne in favor of his son, King Ahmed Fuad II.

Finally, the Republic of Egypt was proclaimed on June 18, 1953 with General Muhammad Naguib as President of the republic. After that, Naguib was also forced to resign by Gamal Abdel Nasser, the architect of the 1952 movement, in 1954, Nasser took the presidency and nationalized the Suez Canal leading to the Suez Crisis in 1956. Nasser came out of the war with as an Arab hero, and Nasserism spread throughout the region despite resistance from some Egyptians, most of whom had no prior interest in Arab nationalism. .

From 1958 to 1961, Nasser worked to build an alliance between Egypt and Syria known as the United Arab Republic. The effort also met with some resistance, and it was clear that many Egyptians were displeased to see that the name of their country, which had been around for thousands of years, had suddenly disappeared. Three years after the 1967 Six-Day War, in which Egypt lost the Sinai Peninsula to Israel, Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat. Sadat abandoned its Cold War alliance with the Soviet Union in favor of the United States, expelled Soviet advisers in 1972, and launched the Infitah economic reform, while intensifying violent repression against anti-religious actions. The name Egypt is still retained.

In 1973, Egypt along with Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel during the October War (also known as the Yom Kippur War), which was purely a military victory, but politically fruitless. Chief USA and the Soviet Union both intervened, and reached a truce between Egypt and Israel. In 1979, Sadat signed a peace treaty with Israel in exchange for the Sinai peninsula, an act that caused many conflicts in the Arab world that led to Egypt's exclusion from the Arab League (Egypt was rejoined in 1989). Sadat was assassinated by religious fundamentalists in 1981, his successor Hosni Mubarak.

Geography

Egypt shares borders with Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, and Israel to the northeast. Egypt's important geopolitical role derives from its strategic location: as a transcontinental country, it possesses a continental bridge (the Isthmus of Suez) between Africa and Asia, and a waterway bridge (the Suez Canal) connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea.

Cities and towns include Alexandria, one of the greatest ancient cities, Aswan, Asyut, Cairo, the modern Egyptian capital, El-Mahalla El-Kubra, Giza, site of the Pyramids of Khufu, Hurghada, Luxor, Kom Ombo, Port Safaga, Port Said, Sharm el Sheikh, Shubra-El-Khema, Suez, where the Suez Canal, Zagazig, and Al-Minya are located.

Deserts: Egypt occupies part of the Sahara Desert and the Libyan Desert. These deserts were considered "red lands" in ancient Egypt and they protected the Kingdom of the Pharaohs from threats from the west.

Oasis includes: Bahariya Oasis, Dakhleh Oasis, Farafra Oasis, Kharga Oasis, Siwa Oasis. An oasis is a verdant and fertile land in the middle of a desert.

Politic

Egypt has been a republic since June 18, 1953. President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak has been President of the Republic since October 14, 1981, following the assassination of former President Mohammed Anwar El-Sadat. He is the leader of the ruling Democratic National Party. Mubarak held office until his fifth term when he was ousted by the Cairo people's uprising in February 2011. Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif took office on July 9, 2004, after Atef Ebeid stepped down.

The Egyptian government is considered by many countries to be a military dictator. Although power is nominally organized under a multi-party semi-presidential system, whereby executive power is theoretically divided between the President and the Prime Minister, in practice almost exclusively the President is elected in the presidential election. single-candidate elections over the past fifty years. Egypt also has regular multi-party parliamentary elections. The most recent presidential election, in which Mubarak won a fifth consecutive term, was held in September 2005 (see below).

Areas

City

• (Great metropolis) Cairo - the capital of Egypt, the homeland of Pyramid of Giza, NS Egyptian Museum and amazing Islamic architecture
• Alexandria - Egypt's window on the Mediterranean, where many ancient buildings remain
• Port Said - the third city of Egypt, having an international heritage, bordering the Mediterranean, where the Port Said lighthouse is located
• Aswan - a more relaxed option, full of great attractions
• Luxor - entrance gate Valley of the Kings, among other great attractions
• Hurghada - a city by the Red Sea, many resorts where sport diving is also offered

Other destinations

• Abu Simbel - a remote southernmost town, with some beautiful old temples.
• Dahab - backpacker center, with great diving.
• Karnak - the temple is dotted with a focus on size, an impressive boulevard of the early Sphinx runs from the center.
• Memphis and Saqqara - both full of ruins and ruins of ancient Egypt, they are often combined as a day trip from Cairo.
• Sharm el-Sheikh - a very popular resort town on the Sinai Peninsula, with some of the best diving in the world.
• Siwa - a beautiful remote oasis near the Libyan border.
• Saint Katherine home to the oldest continuously inhabited monasteries, Mount Sinai and Mount Katherine (the highest mountain in Egypt) and truly Bedouin culture.
• Taba Heights - Purpose resort built with a view Israel, Jordan and Saudi Arabia.
• Valley of the Kings.

When should I go?

Northern Cairo is always hot from June to August, especially Luxor and Aswan, sometimes up to 40 degrees. In Cairo, it's full of sunshine, dust, pollution, noise... making anyone walking feel like torture. On the other hand, the scorching sun will make people want to escape the heat at South Sinai Beach, the Alexandrian tip of the Red Sea - anyone who wants to come here now has a hard time finding accommodation.

When visiting places like Luxor, winter is the most comfortable time. Cairo is not very pleasant, it is always overcast and cold at night, while on the coast of Alexandria, the Mediterranean region, it rains a lot, causing flooding, and subsidence of the streets. Even Sinai beach is a bit cold if sunbathing in January. From March to May or September to November is the best time to enjoy the warmth.

Most of Egypt's religious or national holidays don't disrupt travel plans seriously. During the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, many restaurants close, and bars close completely. Many companies and offices also work in moderation.

Arrive

Ramadan Day 2013 (1434 AH): July 9 – August 7 2014 (1435 AH): June 28 – July 27 2015 (1436 AH): June 18 – July 16 Eid ul-Fitr is celebrated after the end of Ramadan and can last several days. Exact dates depend on astronomical observations and may vary from country to country.

As a major tourist destination whose economy depends on tourist money, Egypt is relatively easy to enter and/or issue a visa if necessary. There are three types of Egypt visas:

• Tourist Visa - usually valid for a period of no more than 3 months and is issued by the superior or the facility for single entry or multiple entry.
• Entry Visa - required for any foreigner visiting Egypt for purposes other than tourism, eg work, study, etc. possession of a valid entry visa is required to complete these residency in Egypt.
• Transit visa - rarely needed and only for certain countries

Entry visas can be obtained from Egyptian diplomatic and consular offices abroad or from the Immigration Visa Department at the Tourist, Immigration and Nationality Administration (TDINA). Non-Egyptian visitors are required to have a valid passport.

Citizens of many countries can obtain a visa on arrival at the main points of entry; Fees are required on arrival and it is expensive to change money and then pay the fee. At the airport, you must change money from a bank office before checking your passport, ostensibly to verify that the currency is real, however, you should have no problem obtaining a visa. Check with your nearest Egyptian consulate for more details regarding the visa regulations that apply to its citizens. Single entry visa fees are as follows:

• UK citizens: £15
• US Citizen: US$15
• Irish Citizens: €15/US$15
• Australian Citizen: $45
• Canadian Citizen: 26 C$
• Other countries: US$15

Citizens of Bahrain, Guinea, South Korea, Libya, Oman, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Yemen receive a 3-month visa on arrival. Citizens of Kuwait can obtain a residence permit for 6 months upon arrival. Chinese and Malaysian citizens receive a 15-day visa on arrival. Citizens of China (Hong Kong and Macau only) can have a 30-day visit without a visa.

Citizens of the following countries are currently required to obtain a pre-arrival visa, which must be applied for through an Egyptian consulate or embassy outside Egypt:

Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Lebanon, Macedonia, Malaysia (if you intend to stay more than 15 days) , Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, Pakistan, Palestine, Philippines, Russia, Serbia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vietnam and all African countries citizens of Guinea and Libya, who do not require a visa).

By air

Egypt has several international airports:

• Cairo International Airport (airport website) - the leading airline gateway and hub for national airlines EgyptAir.
• Alexandria Nozha
• Luxor International Airport - now receives an increasing number of international scheduled flights, mainly from Europe, in addition to the collection flights
• Aswan International Airport
• Hurghada International Airport - get a number of charter flights
• Sharm El-Sheikh International Airport - get some charter flights.
• Burg Al-Arab International Airport
• Marsa Alam International Airport

By boat

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Ferries run regularly from Aqaba on go Nuweiba on the peninsula Sinai, skip Israel and border arrangements are sometimes complicated. There is generally no visa fee to enter Jordan through Aqaba as it is part of a free trade zone. The route to Nuweiba is operated by ABMaritime.New weekly ferry service from Venice go to Alexandria, through Tartus in Syria, by Visemar Lines was started in summer 2010. Now departs every Wednesday at 16:00, until next Sunday at 2:00, this is the only way to get to Egypt directly from Europe. However, due to the political situation in Syria the ferry was cancelled. A weekly ferry also runs between Wadi Halfa in Sudan and Aswan. The ferry is still between the shores of the Red Sea to the ports in Saudi Arabia and Jordan.

Go

The public and private transport system in Egypt is quite good. Domestic airlines guarantee to fly fairly quickly, although you need a lot of money and a little time. Other transportation systems such as buses, trains, ships or even camels, donkeys and horses.

If you are physically weak, it may not be suitable to take the bus or train, but these are the best ways to meet the locals and get a feel for the Egyptian culture. Bus service is available in almost every province in Egypt and 5000 km of railway tracks also connect every city from Aswan to Alexandria.

You can also take a taxi to travel from the suburbs to the city. Traditional cars like Peugeot 504s, but Toyota's minibuses are also famous, they focus on picking up passengers at train or bus stations. The driver waits until there are enough people to depart. If you want to join the crowd and drive yourself, it is easy to rent a car at hotels and airports. But those who are too cowardly advise never to choose this way.

Visit

Highlights of any visit to Egypt include famous archaeological sites of both Lower (Northern) and Upper (Southern) Egypt. The most famous are:

Cairo:

• Pyramid of Giza and the Sphinx
• Egyptian Museum
• The pyramids and temples of Saqqara and Dahshur
• Citadel of Salah El Din and Mosque of Mohamed Ali
• Khan al Khalili Bazaar and al Hussein Mosque

Alexandria:Alexandria, with a number of historic attractions and the stunning new Bibliotheca Alexandrina, is Egypt's main summer attraction escaping the summer heat and looking for a place to spend summer vacation. Tourist attractions include Roman and Greek ruins, Bibliotheca Alexandria, Qa'edbay Castle, and Qasr El Montaza (El Montaza palace).

Luxor:

Luxor temples and the West Bank on the Nile

• Valley of the Kings (this temple forbids visitors to take photos)
• Temple of Abu Simbel

Aswan:

In Aswan, you can see more than ancient temples and ruins. You can also see Geziret El Nabatat (Island of Trees). This is an island in the Nile River Aswan planted with rare species of trees, plants and flowers.

Probably the most popular activity in Luxor and Aswan is to do a Nile Cruise on a ship from Aswan to Luxor. It allows you to stop at each location along the Nile, where you can see all the famous ancient monuments as well as experience being in the Nile in a five-star boat hotel.

• Red Sea resorts in Sinai peninsula, including Dahab, Hurghada and City of Sharm el Sheikh. The Red Sea offers some of the best diving sites in the world.

• Sights of the peninsula Sinai, consists of Saint Catherine's Monastery and Mount Sinai.
• The western deserts and their oases, including Siwa,
• Memphis, with several relics of ancient Egypt - including a colossal statue of Ramesses II, evoking images that inspired Percy Bysshe Shelley's poem Ozymandias

Note

• Egypt is a shopper's paradise, especially if you're interested in Egyptian-style souvenirs or exhibits. Remember that even high-end goods should be bargained for. Things to buy here: antiques, carpets, blankets, fabrics and clothes, mosaics, jewelry, leather goods, perfumes, spices...
• Sanitation in Egypt is not very up to standard, depending on the place. The number of tourists infected with bacteria is quite high, remember to bring medicine during travel to prevent it.
• Egypt is a safe and friendly country to travel to. Egyptian men often compliment women, don't be too defensive about them because they are simply complimenting them..

Wikipedia has articles about Egypt