Montenegro is a country from south-eastEurope.
About
History
The Romans conquered this region in 90 AD. The Slavs conquered this region later, between the 5th and 7th centuries, and had, until the 10th century, a semi-independent principality, called Doclea, which was linked to Medieval Serbia, and to a lesser extent Byzantine Empire and Bulgaria.
Doclea gained independence from Byzantine Empire in 1402. In the following decades it expanded its territories, annexing Rascia and Bosnia, after which it was also recognized as a kingdom. Its power began to decline at the end of the 11th century, and in 1186, it was conquered by Stefan Nemanja and incorporated into Serbian territories. The new adjoining lands, then called Zeta, were ruled by the Serbian Nemanjić dynasty. After the collapse of the Serbian Empire in the second half of the 14th century, another family (the Balšić Dynasty) came to power. In 1421, it was annexed to the Serbian Despotate, but after 1445, another Zeta royal family, the Crnojević family, ruled Montenegro until 1499, making it the last independent monarchy in the Balkans, before the Ottomans annexed it to the Shkodër blood. For a short time, Montenegro existed as a separate, autonomous bloodline in the years 1514-1528, another version says that it existed under this status in the years 1597-1614.
In the 16th century, Montenegro was given a unique form of autonomy within Ottoman Empire, namely, the release of Montenegrin families and clans from certain restrictions. However, Montenegrins refused any Ottoman rule through rebellions and numerous protests, the number of which increased significantly in the seventeenth century, culminating in the defeat of the Ottomans in the Great Turkish War at the end of that century.
Montenegro has become a theocracy, led by the Serbian Orthodox Church and the Metropolitan Church of Montenegro and the Coast. A flourishing period, unprecedented since the times of Petrovici-Neagoș. The name of the leader of the theocracy was "Vladika of Montenegro". The Republic of Venice has introduced governors who have interfered in Montenegro's state policies; when the republic was succeeded by the Austrian Empire in 1797, the governors were overthrown by Petar II in 1832. His predecessor, Petar I, contributed to the unification of Montenegro with the Mountainous Lands.
Under the leadership of Nikola I, the area of the principality increased several times in the Turkish-Montenegrin wars, which culminated in the independence of this region in 1878. After this event, diplomatic relations were established with the Ottoman Empire. Even though there were incidents on the location of the borders, relations between the two states continued for the next 30 years, until King Abdul-Hamid II was dethroned.
The political skills of the two officials played a major role in future friendships. The modernization of Montenegro continued. Thus, some of the greatest events of that time were the adoption of a constitution in 1905. Even so, the political disputes between the ruling party, the Montenegrin People's Party, which were for the process of modernization and union with Serbia, and the True People's Party, who had a monarchist policy, contrary to the government's.
During this period, some of the most glorious victories over the Ottomans took place at Grahovac. Duke Mirko Petrović, the older brother of Knjaz Danilo, led an army of 7,500 soldiers and defeated the Ottoman, quantitatively superior, with 13,000 soldiers at Grahovac on May 1, 1858. The glory of this Montenegrin battle had been immortalized in some South Slavic poems and ode of the time, mostly of Montenegrins in Vojvodina, part of those times in Austria-Hungary. This forced the Great Powers to officially demarcate the borders between Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire, thus granting it the de facto status of an independent country.
The first Montenegrin Constitution was proclaimed in 1855; also known as the Code of Danilo.
In 1910, Montenegro became a kingdom and then, as a result of the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 (wars in which the Ottomans lost all conquests in the Balkans), a common border with Serbia and Shkodër (which later joined Albania) has been established. In World War I in 1914, Montenegro allied with Serbia against the Central Powers, suffering a large-scale defeat to Austria-Hungary in early 1916. In 1918, the Allies liberated Montenegro, which later united with Serbia.
During the First World War (1914-1918), Montenegro had been allied with the Allied Powers. From January 15, 1916 to October 1918, Montenegro was occupied by Austria-Hungary. During the occupation, King Nikola I of Montenegro first arrived in Italy and then in France, later the government transferred its tasks and operations to Bordeaux. When the Allies liberated Montenegro, the Assembly of Podgorica (Podgorička skupština, Подгоричка скупштина Podgoricika Skupština) was established and voted to ban the return of the king to the country and the unification of the country with the Kingdom of Serbia. from Montenegro, known as the Greens (Zelenaši) revolted against the decision to unify with Serbia, and then, led by their military leader Krsto Zrnov Popović, fought the pro-unifying forces, the Whites (Bjelaši). The royal family was rehabilitated in 2011 by the government, and today is ruled by Crown Prince Nikola II.
In 1922, Montenegro formally became the "Cettinje Oblast" of the Zeta area in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, annexing for the first time the coastal areas that belonged to Venetian Albania. Due to successive restructurings, in 1929 it became part of a larger Banat Zeta region of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, whose borders also reached the Neretva River.
Nikola's great-grandson, Serbian King Alexander I of Yugoslavia, ruled the Yugoslav government. The Banat of Zeta had been one of the 9 banats that formed the kingdom and was given the name after its old name of this region, Zeta. It consisted of present-day Montenegro, Central Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia.
In 1941, Benito Mussolini occupied Montenegro and annexed it to the Italian Kingdom. The Queen of Italy, Elena of Montenegro, influenced her husband, Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, to suggest to Mussolini that Montenegro be made independent of Yugoslavia. After the spring of 1942, most of the area of the Sangeac region, which was included in Montenegro, was not actually controlled by the government. The area of the Gulf of Kotor (Cattaro) was annexed to the Dalmatian province of Italy until September 1943. After the Italians left, Montenegro remained under the control of German troops, with a terrible guerrilla war that wreaked havoc in this area. In December 1944, German troops were driven out by Josip Broz Tito's Yugoslav supporters.
Montenegro, like the rest of Yugoslavia, was liberated by the Yugoslav Partisans in 1944. The first uprising in the Axis Powers of Occupied Europe took place on July 13, 1941 in Montenegro, when the Montenegrin population rose up against the fascists and joined the Communists. Some of the most emeritus partisans are Arso Jovanović, Sava Kovačević, Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo, Milovan Đilas, Peko Dapčević, Vlado Dapčević, Veljko Vlahović, Blažo Jovanović, Pavle Kapičić and Ivan Milutinović. Montenegro became one of the 6 socialist republics that made it up Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (RSFI), its capital Podgorica changing its name to Titograd in honor of Josip Broz Tito. After the war, Yugoslavia's infrastructure was rebuilt, industrialization began, and the Montenegrin University was founded. The Socialist Republic of Montenegro was granted greater autonomy after the ratification of a new constitution in 1974.
After the dissolution of the RSFI in 1992, Montenegro remained part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia along with Serbia.
After the referendum on whether or not to stay in Yugoslavia in 1992, the turnout was 66% of the population, with 95.96% of respondents voting in favor of a federation with Serbia. The referendum was boycotted by the Muslim, Albanian and Catholic populations, but especially by citizens declaring independence. Opponents then said the referendum was held under anti-democratic conditions with widespread propaganda by government-controlled media outlets in favor of voting for the federation. There are no reports that would communicate the correctness and fairness of this referendum, as it was not monitored, in contrast to the 2006 referendum on the same topic, where European Union observers were present.
In the years 1991-1995, when the Bosnian and Croatian Wars took place, the Montenegrin police and military joined the Serbs during the attacks in Dubrovnik, Croatia. These acts of aggression, in order to gain more territory, have been characterized by serious human rights violations.
Montenegrin General Pavle Strugar has been convicted of his involvement in the Dubrovnik bombing. Bosnian refugees were arrested by Montenegrin police and taken to Serbian camps in Foča, where they were tortured and executed.
In 1996, Milo Đukanović's government severed ties between Montenegro and the Serbian regime, which was then under the control of Slobodan Milošević. Montenegro formed its own monetary policy and adopted the Deutsche Mark (German Mark) as its official currency, later adopting the Euro, although it has not and is not yet part of the Eurozone. Successive governments over the years have promoted pro-independence policies, and political relations with Serbia have stagnated, despite political changes in Belgrade. Some targets in Montenegro were bombed by NATO forces during Operation Allied in 1999, although the magnitude of these attacks was not significant.
In 2002, Serbia and Montenegro reached a new agreement on cooperation and entered into negotiations on the future status of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 2003, the Yugoslav federation was replaced by a more decentralized state union, called Serbia and Montenegro.
The status of the union between Serbia and Montenegro was the subject of a referendum on Montenegro's independence on May 21, 2006, with 419,240 registered votes, representing 86.5% of the total electorate. 230,661 votes were for independence (55.5%) and 185,002 votes (44.5%) were against it. The difference of 45,659 votes barely reached the 55% needed to validate the referendum, in accordance with the rules established by the European Union. According to the electoral commission, the 55% threshold was exceeded by only 2,300 votes. Serbia, the member states of the European Union and the permanent members of the respective UN Security Council have recognized Montenegro's independence.
The 2006 referendum was monitored by 5 international commissions, led by an OSCE / ODIHR team, and with approximately 3,000 observers in total (including local observers from CEMI, CEDEM and other organizations). The OSCE / ODIHR has joined forces with members of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly (OSCE PA), the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE, PACE), the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe (CLRAE) and the European Parliament to form the International Monitoring Mission. of the Referendum (IROM). IROM reports did not report violations, stating that "compliance with the referendum has been assessed with OSCE measures and laws, European Council commitments, and other international standards on the conduct of the electoral process in a democratic manner and in accordance with local law." Moreover, the report mentioned the conduct of the election campaign, noting the equidistance and impartiality, saying that "there were no reports of deprivation of civil rights and / or policies."
On 3 June 2006, the Montenegrin Parliament declared Montenegro's independence, formally confirming Montenegro's independence. Serbia did not object.
Relations between Serbia and Montenegro worsened on September 6, 2007 after the Montenegrin leadership banned the Metropolitan of the Serbian Church, Priest Filaret, from entering the country. The situation worsened when a Serbian minister called Montenegro a "semi-state", prompting Podgorica to seek an apology and lodge a protest with Serbia's government. Serbian Prime Minister Božidar Đelić has sent a letter of apology to Montenegro, according to Serbian Prime Minister Aleksandar Simic's adviser.
Location
Internationally, Montenegro borders Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, bondage(Kosovo inclusive; disputed region) and Albania.
The relief of Montenegro varies from high peaks along its borders with bondage and Albania, a karst segment of the Balkan Peninsula, to the smooth coastal beaches, which are only 6 kilometers long. These smooth places end abruptly in the north, where Mount Lovćen and Mount Orjen sinks into Kotor Bay.
Montenegrin karst regions are generally located at altitudes of 1000 meters above sea level; although, in some parts it rises to 2000 meters: ca. Mount Orjen measuring 1894 meters in altitude, the largest massif among the limestone coastal relief. Valley Zeta River at an altitude of 500 meters below sea level, it is the lowest segment.
The Montenegrin mountains have one of the most rugged terrain in the world Europe, with an average height of more than 2000 meters in the vertical sections. One of the most remarkable peaks is Bobotov Kuk into the The Durmitor Mountains, which reaches a height of 2522 meters. Due to the very humid climate in the western parts, the Montenegrin mountains were some of the most eroded by ice in the Balkan Peninsula during the last ice age.
Montenegro is a member of the European Commission for the Protection of the Danube River, and has more than 2,000 square kilometers of land in the Danube Basin.
Destinations
Cities
The main and largest city in Montenegro is Podgorica, while Cetinje it is the royal capital (priestoinița, prijestonica) .
| Place number. at the 2003 census. | |
| Podgorica | 136.473 |
| Niksic | 58.212 |
| Pljevlja | 21.377 |
| Bijelo Polje | 15.883 |
| Cetinje | 15.137 |
| Bar | 13.719 |
| Herceg Novi | 12.739 |
| Beran | 11.776 |
| Budva | 10.918 |
| Ulcinj | 10.828 |
| Tivat | 9.467 |
| Rozaje | 9.121 |
| Dobrot | 8.169 |
| Danilovgrad | 5.208 |
| Mojkovac | 4.120 |
Other destinations
- Longest beach: Velika Plaza, Ulcinj — 13,000 m
- Highest peak: Zla Kolata, Prokletije with an altitude of 2,534 m
- The largest lake: Lake Skadar — 391 km²
- Deepest canyon: Tara RiverCanyon — 1000 m
- The largest bay: Kotor Bay
- National parks: Durmitor - 390 km², Lovcen - 64 km², Biogradska Gora - 54 km², Lake Skadar 400 km²
- UNESCO World Heritage: Durmitor and Tara River Canyon, the old City Kotor.
Get in
By plane
By car
With train
ACTIVITY
Gastronomy
Links
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