Romania - România


Location

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Summary information
Capital	Bucharest
Government	Semi-presidential republic
Currency	New Leu (RON)
Area	total: 237,500 km² earth: 230,340 km² the water: 7,160 km²
Population	21,790,479 (est. 2013)
Language	Romania (official); minorities: Hungarian, Romans
Religion	Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 87%, Protestant 6.8%, Catholic 5.6%, others (especially Islam) 0.4%, atheists 0.2% (2002)
Electrical system	220V-230V / 50Hz (European socket)
Telephone prefix	40
Internet domain	.com
Time zone	UTC 2, daylight saving time UTC 3

Romania is a country in Southeast Europe, located in the north Balkans and which has output to Black Sea. The country is one of the destinations Europe, which in recent years has had an influx of new tourists who have been amazed by the diversity of the country, starting with its natural beauty, pleasant resorts, cosmopolitan cities and people's culture. Although in the 1990s Romania suffered from a worse image in other parts of the world, it returned to Eastern European routes and is an accessible and increasingly sought after destination.

To know

History

It is considered that the creative tribes of the bronze culture on the Romanian territory belong to the Indo-European group of Thracians. Strabo in "Geography" mentioned that the Getae had the same language as the Thracians, and the Dacians the same language as the Getae. However, the first account of the Getae belongs to Herodotus. The conquest of Dacia by the Romans leads to the merging of the two cultures: the Daco-Romans are the ancestors of the Romanian people. After Dacia became a province of the Roman Empire, elements of Roman culture and civilization were imposed, including vulgar Latin, which was the basis for the formation of the Romanian language.

Based on the information in the inscription from Dionysopolis and Jordan, it is known that under the rule of Burebista, aided by the high priest Deceneu, the first Geto-Dacian state was formed. In 44 BC, Burebista is assassinated by one of his servants. After his death, the Geto-Dacian state will fall into 4, then 5 kingdoms. The state nucleus is maintained in the area of the Șureanu mountains, where Deceneu, Comosicus and Coryllus rule successively. The centralized Dacian state will reach the peak of its development under Decebalus. During this period, a series of conflicts with the Roman Empire persisted, a part of the Dacian state being conquered in 106 AD. by the Roman emperor Trajan. Between 271-275 AD. the Aurelian retreat takes place.

In the first millennium, waves of migrating peoples passed over Romania: Goths in the 3rd - 4th century, Huns in the 4th century, Gepis in the 5th century, Avars in the 6th century, Slavs in the 7th century, Hungarians in the 9th century, Pechenegs, Cumans, Uzii and Alans in the 10th - 12th centuries and the Tartars in the 13th century.

In the 13th century, the first principalities south of the Carpathians are attested. Later, in the context of the crystallization of feudal relations, as a result of the creation of favorable internal and external conditions (weakening Hungarian pressure and diminishing Tatar domination) the independent feudal states of Wallachia (1310), under Basarab I, arose south and east of the Carpathians. and Moldavia (1359), under Bogdan I. Among the rulers who had a more important role, we can mention: Alexandru cel Bun, Ștefan cel Mare, Petru Rareș and Dimitrie Cantemir in Moldova, Mircea cel Bătrân, Vlad Țepeș and Constantin Brâncoveanu in Wallachia and Iancu de Hunedoara in Transylvania. Starting with the end of the 15th century, the two principalities gradually entered the sphere of influence of the Ottoman Empire.

A map of the hypothetical The Romanians (Romania), dated 1855, made by Caesar Bolliac

Transylvania, part of the Kingdom of Hungary during the Middle Ages, ruled by voivodes, became an independent principality, vassal of the Ottoman Empire in 1526. At the turn of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Michael the Brave ruled for a very short time weather over a large part of today's Romania.

In the 18th century, Moldavia and Wallachia continued to retain their internal autonomy, but in 1711 and 1716, respectively, began the period of the Phanariot rulers, appointed directly by the Turks from among the noble Greek families of Constantinople. By concluding the dualist pact in 1867, Transylvania soon lost the remnants of its political autonomy, being politically and administratively incorporated into Hungary.

The modern Romanian state was created by uniting the principalities of Moldavia and Muntenia (or Wallachia), in 1859, with the simultaneous election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as ruler in both states. He was forced to abdicate in 1866 by a large coalition of the parties of the time, also called the Monstrous Coalition, Cuza being forced to leave the country. In 1877, Romania gained its independence and in 1881, Carol I was crowned King of Romania. In 1913, Romania went to war against Bulgaria, at the end of which it obtained the Quadrilateral. In 1914, King Carol I dies, becoming King of Romania Ferdinand I.

In 1916 Romania entered the First World War on the side of the Entente. Although the Romanian forces did not do very well from a military point of view, by the end of the war the Entente had won the case, and the Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires disintegrated; The National Assembly in Transylvania, and the Country Council in Bessarabia and Bukovina proclaimed the Union of the two provinces with Romania, and Ferdinand was crowned King of Greater Romania at Alba Iulia in 1922. The Treaty of Versailles recognized all proclamations of union in accordance with the right to self-determination established by the 14-point Declaration of US President Thomas Woodrow Wilson.

In 1938, King Charles II assumed dictatorial powers.

With his coming to power, Ion Gigurtu, President of the Council of Ministers, between July 4 and September 4, 1940, declared that he would pursue a pro-Berlin-Rome foreign policy, of a totalitarian nature. Following the expansionist Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact of 1939, by accepting Hitler's arbitration over Transylvania (Gigurtu declared on the radio that Romania must make territorial sacrifices to justify Romania's full accession to the Berlin-Rome Axis), Romania ceded northern Transylvania to Hungary. , including the city of Cluj. The vast territories of Transylvania that were ceded, under pressure from the German Nazi government, by Ion Gigurtu in favor of Hungary contained important natural resources, including gold mines. Ion Gigurtu also had to agree with the cession of 8000 km2 of southern Dobrogea in favor of Bulgaria and the Soviet Union, Bessarabia, Herta and Northern Bukovina.

In the face of the chaotic withdrawal imposed by the Russians from Bessarabia, the territorial concessions, the dissatisfaction of the public opinion and the protests of the political leaders, King Carol II suspends the Romanian Constitution and appoints General Ion Antonescu as prime minister. He, supported by the Iron Guard, asks the king to abdicate in favor of his son, Michael. Then, Antonescu assumes dictatorial powers and becomes head of state while retaining the position of president of the council of ministers. In 1941, as an ally of Nazi Germany, Romania declared war on the Soviet Union.

On August 23, 1944, the Soviet army having been in northern Moldova since March, King Mihai agreed to forcibly remove Marshal Antonescu if he refused to sign an armistice with the United Nations. Following Antonescu's clear refusal, King Mihai ordered the removal and arrest of the marshal, and Romania sided with the Allies.

Less than 3 years after the Soviet occupation of Romania, in 1947, King Mihai I was forced to abdicate and was proclaimed the Romanian People's Republic - a state of popular democracy. The established regime, led by the Romanian Workers' Party, strengthens its position through a Stalinist-type policy of discouraging any political opposition and changing the economic and social structures of the old bourgeois regime. In the early 1960s, the Romanian government began to assert a certain independence from the Soviet Union, but did not give up the "revolutionary conquests". In 1965, the communist leader Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej died, after which Romania entered a period of change. After a brief struggle for power, Nicolae Ceaușescu came to the helm of the Communist Party, becoming General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party in 1965, President of the State Council in 1967 and President of the Socialist Republic of Romania in 1974. The long leadership of several decades President Nicolae Ceausescu became increasingly authoritarian in the 1980s.

In the context of the fall of communism throughout Eastern Europe, a protest that began in mid-December 1989 in Timisoara quickly turned into a national protest against the socialist political regime, removing communism and Ceausescu from power.

An interim council of civilian figures and former communist officials took control of the government, and Ion Iliescu became the country's interim president. The new government revoked many of the communist authoritarian policies and shut down some of the leaders of the communist regime.

In May 1990, parliamentary elections were held for the democratic parties formed for the legislature and the presidency. Iliescu was elected president, and his party, the National Salvation Front, won parliamentary parliamentary control. Petre Roman became prime minister. Due to the difficult economic situation, however, the elections could not end the anti-government demonstrations. The miners' outbursts led to the dismissal of the Roman government in September 1991. In October, former finance minister Theodor Stolojan succeeded Roman as prime minister and formed a new cabinet. In the 1992 national elections, Ion Iliescu won his right to a new term. With parliamentary support from the nationalist parliamentary parties PUNR, PRM and PSM, a government was formed in November 1992, led by Prime Minister Nicolae Văcăroiu.

Emil Constantinescu from the electoral coalition The Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR) defeated President Iliescu in 1996, after a second round of elections and replaced him at the head of state. Victor Ciorbea was appointed prime minister. Ciorbea remained in this position until March 1998, when he was replaced by Radu Vasile and later by Mugur Isărescu. The 2000 elections were won by PSD and Ion Iliescu, and Adrian Năstase was appointed prime minister. In 2004, the elections gave Traian Băsescu the position of President of the state, at the head of a coalition of PNL and PD, together with UDMR and PUR, and Călin Popescu Tăriceanu was appointed prime minister.

Romania has been a NATO member since 2004, and since 2007 it has become a member of the European Union. Following the legislative elections in November 2008, the Democratic-Liberal Party won the most seats, followed by the alliance between PSD and PC, PNL and UDMR. Subsequently, an alliance government is formed, between PSD PC and PD-L, led by Emil Boc, so that from December 2009, following the vote of the Parliament, PD-L, UDMR and the parliamentary group of independents (now UNPR) to form the Boc cabinet. 2.

Location

The current territory of Romania is also called space carpato-danubiano-pontic, because Romania overlaps with a territorial system European, shaped by the shape of the circle Romanian Carpathians and the adjacent regions imposed and subordinated complementary to the Carpathians, being bordered on the south by the river Danube, and in the eastern part of Black Sea.

Romania is located in the northern hemisphere, at the intersection of the parallel 45 ° north latitude and the meridian of 25 ° east longitude, and in Europe in the part central south-you're like at approximately equal distances from the extremities of the European continent. Romania borders to the north with Ukraine, the southern border is formed with Bulgaria (a large part being the water border on the Danube), west of Hungary, in the southwest with bondage, and in the east with Republic of Moldova (entirely aquatic border on the Prut). Romania's borders stretch for 3,150 km, of which 1,876 km became, in 2007, borders of the European Union (to Serbia, Moldova and Ukraine), while with the Black Sea, the border formed has a length of 194 km on the continental shelf ( 245 km from the shore). Romania's surface is 238,391 km², to which is added 23,700 km² from the Black Sea platform.

Places and areas of tourist interest

Provinces of Romania

The main tourist destinations of Romania are:

Bucharest, capital of the country
Muntenia with its historical and industrial cities, tourist and leisure localities:
Transylvania with its cities and destinations (by number of inhabitants):
Carpathians and places or tourist places included:
Romanian seaside of Black Sea and its tourist places:
The Danube Delta and Tulcea
Moldavia:
Bucovina:
- Suceava
- Painted monasteries
Olten, cities and tourist places:
Banat, cities and tourist places:

Coming

By plane

The network of airports intended for public air traffic consists of 17 civil airports, all of which are open to international traffic. 12 of them are permanently open and the rest on request. Of the 17 airports, 4 operate under the authority of MTCT, 12 under the authority of county councils and one airport has been privatized. As a general observation, the Romanian air fleet is in an extensive modernization process. The fleet of commercial traffic aircraft was reduced from 55 aircraft in 1991 to 34 aircraft in 2004, by decommissioning old aircraft.

By car

Lately, efforts are being made to bring the main roads in Romania to the level of the European corridor network. Several projects have been started to modernize the European corridor network, financed by ISPA funds and state-guaranteed loans from international financial institutions. The government is seeking external funding or public-private partnerships for other modernizations of the road network, and especially of highways. In December 2013, Romania has completed 635 km of highway. The only highways in Romania are: A1: Bucharest - piteşti, Sibiu (Şelimbăr) - Sălişte, Cunta - Deva (Şoimuş), Traian Vuia - Balint, Timisoara (Izvin) - Arad; A2: Bucharest - Constant; A3: Bucharest (Cretaceous) - Ploiesti (Bărcăneşti), Turzii Plain - Gilău; A4 (Constanța city belt): Ovidiu - The port of Constanța; A6: Balint - LUGOJULUI. Other sections that are in different stages are: A10 motorway, Transylvania highway, which binds Brasov of Oradea city (PCTF Borș), Bucharest - Braşov, NADLAC - Arad, Timisoara (Izvin) - Balint, Traian Vuia - Deva (Şoimuş), Cunta - Sălişte, Bucharest - Roșiori de Vede - Craiova, Craiova - piteşti.

With train

The national railway company is Romanian railways. In 2004, the railway infrastructure comprised 22,247 km of railways, of which approximately 8585 km were electrified and 2617 km were double lines, most at normal gauge (1435 mm), the CFR network being the fourth largest in Europe. Between 1990 and 2002, the number of passengers transported by rail on domestic and international routes decreased steadily, more sharply between 1990 and 1994 and slower after 1994. they are related to the general economic and social situation in the country, to the reduction of the population's income, to the increase of unemployment (in the case of commuters), as well as to the increase of the number of personal cars. Rail passenger transport is provided with a number of 817 locomotives, of which more than half are older than 20 years. Since 2005, rail passenger transport has been liberalized, with several secondary lines being leased to private operators.

ACTIVITY

Crossed by the waters Danube, Romania has a varied relief, including forests Carpathian Mountains, the coast Black Sea and The Danube Delta, the best preserved European delta. Romanian villages generally maintain a traditional way of life. Romania enjoys an abundance of religious architecture and preserves several medieval cities and castles.

Tourism in Romania focuses on natural landscapes and its rich history, also having an important contribution to the country's economy. In 2006, domestic and international tourism provided 4.8% of GDP and about half a million jobs (5.8% of total employment). After trade, tourism is the second most important branch of the services sector. Among Romania's economic sectors, tourism is dynamic and rapidly developing, being also characterized by a great potential for expansion. According to World Travel and Tourism Council estimates, Romania ranks 4th in the top of countries experiencing a rapid development of tourism, with an annual increase in tourism potential of 8% from 2007 to 2016. The number of tourists increased from 4.8 million in 2002, to 6.6 million in 2004. Also, in 2005, Romanian tourism attracted investments of 400 million euros.

In recent years, Romania has become a favorite destination for many Europeans (more than 60% of foreign tourists come from EU member states), competing and competing with countries such as Bulgaria, Greece, Italy or Spain. Resorts such as mangalore, Saturn, Venus, Neptune, Olympus and parent (sometimes called and Romanian Riviera) are among the main tourist attractions in summer. In winter, the ski resorts on Prahova Valley and from Poiana Brașov are the favorite destinations of foreign tourists. For their medieval atmosphere or for the nearby castles, many Transylvanian cities such as Sibiu, Braşov, Sighisoara, Cluj-Napoca or Targu Mures they have become important points of attraction for tourists. Recently, rural tourism has also developed, focusing on the promotion of folklore and traditions. The main attractions are the Castle Brane, the painted monasteries from the north of Moldova, the wooden churches from Transylvania or the Merry Cemetery from Săpânța. Romania also offers natural tourist attractions, as well The Danube Delta, Iron gates, Scarisoara cave and other caves from Apuseni mountains.

Through its complex functions, its position within the country and its many objectives of historical, architectural and other value, Bucharest is one of the main tourist centers of Romania. Bucharest is distinguished by the eclectic mix of architectural styles, starting from Curtea Veche, the remains of the 15th century palace of Vlad Țepeș - who was the founder of the city and also the source of inspiration for the character Dracula - in churches Orthodox, to Second Empire-style villas, to the cumbersome Stalinist architecture of the communist period and ending with the Palace of Parliament, a colossal building with six thousand rooms, the second largest in the world after the Pentagon.

Bucovina is located in the northern part of Romania, in the northwest of Moldova. A picturesque mountainous region, with ethnographic traditions that remain unaltered, Bucovina stands out through a dynamic tourist activity, due primarily to the monasteries. The five monasteries with exterior paintings, entered in the world tourist heritage, keep their characteristics after more than 450 years.

External links

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