This article provides basic information on the subject Rockclimbing with mountain hiking and via ferratas, and is primarily aimed at those who are interested in finding out more. There is also a list of articles on activities in the different regions.
Terms
The following terms are often used overlapping terms in common parlance, the descriptions are therefore to be seen only as a guide.
Mountain hiking
This is generally understood to mean route-oriented locomotion in the mountains. For mountain hikes in the Alps outside the valley area, it is generally assumed that occasional climbing spots up to the second level of difficulty (the use of hands is necessary for safe movement) can also be safely mastered by hikers in exposed (= steep) areas. These climbing points up to the second level of difficulty are therefore not mentioned separately in the tour descriptions.
Rockclimbing
Mountaineering differs from mountain hiking in that it requires the use of technical aids such as ropes, crampons or skis (ski mountaineering).
Ski mountaineering
Mountaineering over snow and glaciers on skis.
Trekking
The term is generally used for high mountain hiking from camp to camp in the non-European high mountain regions, usually without technical aids, whereby heights of 6000 m are not exceeded.
Glacier trekking
Glacier trekking is the climbing of technically easy alpine glaciers under expert guidance and thus an opportunity for sure-footed hikers with a certain basic level of fitness to get to know the world of crevasses, glacier tables, glacier creeks and glacier mills. The tours are carried out and organized e.g. For example, from the mountain guide offices, where the necessary equipment can usually be borrowed.
High altitude mountaineering
High-altitude mountaineering is summit-oriented mountaineering at altitudes over 6000 m in the Andes or in the Himalayas and can also be recognized by the fact that the responsible administrations and governments collect a noticeable permit for these mountains.
Via ferrata
A via ferrata enables movement in exposed rocky terrain along a fixed route that is secured in the difficult areas with fixed ropes, which are permanently available ropes and usually steel ropes or steel ladders (via ferrata). The via ferrata climbers themselves are provided with via ferrata equipment that they use to attach themselves to the safety ropes.
- A Sports via ferrata is the modern one classy and demanding variant of the via ferrata. Until the end of the last century, the upper section of the Zirler via ferrata (Martinswand) as the only sport via ferrata in the Eastern Alps, since then new sport via ferratas in increasingly difficult variants have emerged from the rock. Along with the number of sport via ferratas, the number of serious and also fatal accidents increases; the cause of the accident is often overestimation of one's own fortune and physical condition.
- The alpine via ferrata is the classic variant of the via ferrata: the value here is the experience on the steep rock before the arm work.
Climb
- Free climbing is generally the classic "correct" climbing free and without external safety in the area, in contrast to the via ferrata with fixed safety, whereby free in the original language means free choice of route. The climbers build their own safety device along a chosen route with their own rope and hooks that they have brought with them and then take them down again, although the route ("topo") is usually taken from a climbing guide.
- Free climbing is a climbing variant with rope and hook as before, whereby the attached safety devices (rope and hook) may only be used for securing and not for movement.
- At the Red point climbing the securing points are taboo even when resting and must not be touched. It is the opposite technical climbing as it was modern for a while in the middle of the last century: using technical aids such as cordless screwdrivers, adhesive anchors and suspended rope ladders, paths were "drilled" through walls that were previously impassable.
- unsecured climbing Climbing without safety is listed here for clarification of the term and without further comment.
More terms
- steep describes the inclination of the ascent or descent.
- exposed or exposed describes the risk of falling.
- High mountains are, depending on the definition, mountains that reach such heights that, due to the lower annual average temperatures, the decline in vegetation is clearly visible in the character of the landscape. In Central Europe this is the tree line at around 2000 meters. Above it begins the low mat vegetation, the snow line in the Alps is approx. 3000 meters. Above the snow line, there are also no soils; in the exposed rock the formation of the glaciers (rock breakup, cirques, rock ridges) becomes even more clearly visible. In the tropics the vegetation limit rises to over 4000 meters, in the driest belts on earth even to over 5000 meters. In the vicinity of the polar regions (Arctic, Antarctic), the vegetation boundary is the sea level, climatically the mountains of Greenland correspond to high mountains. Info at ICA.
- As one of the decisive criteria for the alpine difficulties a mountain tour is based on the height reached above the snow line. The peaks of the mountains Tierra del Fuego rise around 3500 meters above sea level, which is also the snow line here. These rugged granite mountains are therefore considered to be some of the most difficult peaks in the world to climb, not only because of the climbing challenges.
security
The mountaineering language differentiates between the subjective dangers and the objective dangers.
subjective dangers
Subjective dangers are the dangers that arise from the climber himself, such as lack of fitness, overestimation of himself, etc.
objective dangers
Objective dangers are dangers that affect the mountaineer from outside:
Rockfall and icefall
Avalanches
Avalanches are one of the greatest dangers in the mountains in winter. In Austria alone, an average of 26 people die in avalanche accidents every year; in the entire Alps, around 80 avalanche victims annually, and the trend is rising. Basically, it should be noted here that extensive experience and knowledge of the problem are required to assess the avalanche danger on site:
A distinction is made between numerous types of avalanches, depending on the consistency of the snow, the shape of the terrain, the structure of the snow and snow cover and the temperature profile (sun): slabs and loose snow avalanches, dust avalanches, ice avalanches and ground avalanches, slope and valley avalanches, all of which, even the smaller ones, can be fatal .
For snowshoe hikers, winter hikers, skiers and freeriders who move in the mountains in unsecured terrain outside of the ski slope in winter, thorough experience in avalanche awareness is an essential requirement. In addition, there is the right avalanche search equipment consisting of at least an avalanche transceiver, shovel and avalanche probe.
Before a tour they are regional avalanche reports must be observed, preferably a few days before the start of the tour. There are five levels of avalanche warning:
- Level 1: "Low risk" and generally quite safe touring conditions.
- Level 2: "Moderate danger", but avalanches are already possible in particularly predestined places.
- Level 3: "Considerable Danger". Tour options are only possible to a limited extent, slopes with more than approx. 30 ° inclination and rocky terrain should be avoided.
- Level 4: "Great Danger". Snow hikes and ski tours are then only possible to a very limited extent.
- Level 5: "Very high risk": Tours in the mountains are generally no longer possible.
In addition to this general regional classification, the additional individual assessment of the avalanche danger on site and then also constantly with regard to the changing conditions in the terrain during a tour is unavoidable; information from experienced locals is also an important support here. The required individual assessment of the avalanche danger naturally also applies to the areas immediately next to a secured ski slope. Anyone who does not have the necessary experience to assess the risk from avalanches should entrust themselves to a mountain guide or simply do without it.
Today, the sports industry regularly provides newer and more sophisticated avalanche search devices (avalanche airbag) and rescue devices (avalanche airbag - ABS Avalanche Airbag System). These parts are an essential part of the equipment, preferably the latest version, but they do not prevent the avalanche, they only help to rescue the buried victim. Correct operation when searching for buried subjects then also always requires practice and experience.
Relevant introductory courses on avalanche awareness and searching for buried people are available, for example. Example again at Alpine Club.
Weather
"... waft around its summit ... wafts of mist ..." (at the Watzmann)
The weather is listed here separately because of its importance.
- Sun
- cold
- Rain and thunderstorms
equipment
The following information about the basic equipment is only intended as a guide and is not a substitute for individual adaptation to the local conditions and situation of the planned tour, which is subject to constant change depending on the weather and the season. The alpine specialist literature provides information on current models, the knowledgeable Salespeople in the specialist shop will be happy to advise.
In addition, the condition and experience of the tour participant must be taken into account. Those who take the tour for the 15th time equip themselves differently than someone for whom the route is new.
Mountain hikers / basic equipment
- The Mountain boot is the most important part of the basic equipment, if you save here, you save at the wrong end.
Mountain boots in variants- Decisive for the quality of a mountain shoe is the torsion-resistant sole (e.g. Vibram brand), and you can't get it at discount stores or in the wholesale market at a bargain price. A brand name (e.g. LoWa, HanWag, Raichle) guarantees good workmanship.
- Leather is still considered to be the best material for the construction of the shoe upper. Mountain boots made of leather are not creamed, but waxed, and are then conditionally waterproof for a while. Goretex is increasingly being used for lightweight hiking boots.
- The term "crampon-proof" refers to a medium-weight mountain shoe that has guide grooves on the heel and toe cap for crampons with quick-release toggle links.
- Before buying, both shoes should be laced on the foot for at least half an hour in order to identify possible pressure points. Good shoe stores offer a sloping surface in which you can stand with both feet in a downward position. In this position, the tips of your toes should not hit the front of the shoe in order to be able to survive a long downhill walk without blisters on your toes. On the tour, tightening the shoes that you have loosened from the ascent also helps with this problem. For the same reason, the toenails should be shortened sufficiently before the start of the tour.
- It should be clear that new shoes should be worn in before the first tour (worn several times for several hours at a time).
- Shoes that got wet during the tour are best dried the grandmother's way with crumpled and loosely inserted newspaper.
- The Water bottle with stuffing is the second most important part of the equipment. In winter, when it's very cold, a thermos bottle is recommended, in summer a lighter PET plastic bottle is also recommended. The amount varies from one liter on a short tour in winter to several liters in the heat of summer. Rather too much than too little. The content depends on your taste, but not too sugary. Anyone who refills from the flowing water of a stream should consider whether the watercourse leads past a hut (without a sewage treatment plant?) Or a high camp (the limited surroundings are often poor). Added magnesium tablets help to compensate for mineral deficiencies and prevent leg cramps.
- The Sun protection, consisting of sunglasses and Skin cream:
- Important: The solar radiation is much stronger in the mountains than at the sea, for example, because of the thinner air layer. The higher, the stronger the irradiation.
- For the sunglasses A model with plastic lenses is recommended, depending on the material, they generally have 100% protection for UVA and UVB, and the risk of cuts, e.g. in the event of a fall, is lower than with real glass. If possible, the glasses should not allow any lateral scattered light to fall on the eye, so fashionable models with small glasses are less suitable. Simple specimens as sports glasses are already quite inexpensive at discount stores. Sun protection for the eyes is an absolute must for your own health!
- The sun protection factor of Skin cream depends on the weather, the length of time you spend outdoors and personal factors, but should not fall below the sun protection factor 16. From early summer, on highly reflective surfaces such as snow or glaciers, a sun protection factor of 30 is even recommended. Overcast skies or clouds only slightly reduce solar radiation in the mountains and are therefore not an argument for reducing sun protection. In winter, when it's very cold, the applied layer of cream is an additional protection against cold, wind and dehydration, so it also makes sense in the twilight of December.
- A Grease pencil (UV blocker) protects the lips from drying out and the painful bursting, absolutely recommended in wind and cold.
- The Jacket initially has the function of wind protection, then protection against moisture and the function of keeping warm. A woven-in windprotector film XXX-Tex is therefore a must. There are simpler versions for hiking in the colors of the previous year's model at a reasonable price, while more elaborate parts have features such as removable fleece lining and ventilation slots under the armpits. Better to choose something too big than too small.
- Rucksacks differ from one another in terms of size, carrying systems and areas of application, the decisive factor for a backpack is that it fits properly:
- At the New purchase this can be checked by first putting on a filled test model with the shoulder strap loosened. After tightening the lap belt, most of the weight of the backpack has to rest on the hip bone in order to relieve the shoulder on a longer tour. After tightening the chest strap and shoulder strap, the rucksack should sit securely, but it shouldn't chafe anywhere. Loosening the shoulder straps again should result in a noticeable shift of the load back onto the hip belt. Inevitably, therefore, longer rucksacks are recommended for tall people and shorter rucksacks for smaller people, adjustable back carrier systems allow a certain amount of adjustment. The chest strap can only be closed when moving quickly, e.g. Obligatory for skiing and climbing, some feel "free" when open.
- The size A backpack ranges from the 15 to 25 liter model for the simple day tour ("daypack", usually without a special carrying system), the 25 to 45 liter class for the multi-day tour and large models up to 90 liters for the complete equipment on a longer trekking tour.
- That is also important proper packing of the rucksack: Light items such as sleeping bags and laundry belong right at the bottom, heavy items higher up at shoulder height and as close to the body as possible. Water bottle, snack because of the tangibility at the top. With large rucksacks, light items should be packed again at the top over the shoulders. It should also be ensured that the weight is evenly balanced, so heavier parts such as the water bottle should be placed in the middle if possible. After packing, tighten the compression straps so that nothing wobbles or bangs. More straps and buckles means more work when locking, but it is also the more flexible solution. Sunscreen, sunglasses, maps and first aid kit should be packed quickly and easily accessible.
- Equipment features such as additional outside pockets, inside pockets and other fastening options increase comfort. Systems against sweating such as Mesh frames on the back should not be overrated for the tour on the mountain: sweating comes from the exertion on the ascent and is not prevented by the backpack, at best it is somewhat mitigated.
- As backpack types, there are equipment variants for climbing, for snowboarders for ski tours and cyclists. Special women's backpacks are usually a bit lighter and smaller. The rigid and bulky Load crawler is only something for nostalgics and masochists, for whom extensive back pain after a hike is simply part of the mountain experience.
- The Walking sticks are available in different configurations: Brand manufacturers such as Leki and Komperdell offer cushioning systems, special handles and high-quality adjustment mechanisms, but the walking stick from the discounter also works (at least for a while). The use when going downhill is undisputed: the relief of the joints, especially for the knee, is considerable. The use uphill is controversial: the hiker is certainly easier when walking, but on the other hand there is a loss of sense of balance, and the sticks in the rocky terrain interfere with incipient technical difficulties. Downhill, the length of the sticks is set slightly larger than uphill. "Nordic Walking" sticks are not suitable for mountain hiking because of the lack of metal tips and the increased risk of injury from the special hand-thumb loops.
climber
If you're a mountaineer, you know what you need, if not, Wikivoyage is the wrong place for such a basic introduction. Please refer German Alpine Club, Swiss Alps Club i.a.
Rock tour
Via ferrata
- The helmet (often jokingly called a crease-free hat) is usually always part of the tour. It serves to protect the head from falling rocks and falls. The light helmets with in-mold technology, such as those used primarily for sport climbing, are comfortable to wear. Shell helmets, however, are more robust against falling rocks. Bicycle helmets do not protect against falling rocks (and are not manufactured and tested for it)! It is very important that the helmet fits properly. On the via ferrata you have to do with both hands and no time to constantly readjust your helmet.
- Harness - A seat belt or a (not so widespread as it is uncomfortable) combination belt is necessary on difficult via ferrata, and a chest belt is also necessary for children and people with a weak waist. In contrast to sport climbing, falls are often uncontrolled due to the special safety technology and are very "hard" due to the lack of length of the rope (no cushioning). It is therefore essential to use a via ferrata brake. When using a chest strap, you connect the seat and chest strap with a sling or a piece of rope (cord from 8 mm) into which you attach the via ferrata brake. The right knot is important: a sack stitch in a ring shape or a ribbon loop knot!!. Tighten the knot in "all directions" and check carefully.
- Fuse - It is secured using a forked piece of rope (Y-shaped) about 3 m long, the middle of which is threaded through the via ferrata brake and at the ends of which there is a via ferrata carabiner. Via ferrata carabiners are characterized by a particularly wide opening and a significantly more stable construction than other carabiners. While climbing, both carabiners are always attached to the Y-Set (only 1 carabiner in older sets of other types!), When hanging one carabiner after the other is attached to the next rope section, so that you are always secured when hanging. The purpose of the via ferrata brake at the rope point is to apply strong friction in the event of a fall and thus reduce the impact of the fall. When free climbing, this effect is achieved by the elasticity of the longer rope and the belayer. There have been some new developments in via ferrata brakes recently due to the problem of the so-called "hard falls". For your own safety, you should pay attention to the recall campaigns for via ferrata sets with seam tape dampers.
- Footwear - Sturdy mountain boots are always an advantage for ascent and descent. For via ferratas in the lower and medium difficulty range, the mountain boots are not necessarily a disadvantage; for the upper level of difficulty of the via ferratas, additional (tight, but not too tight) real climbing shoes or sneakers are recommended. This more difficult type of via ferrata is only of interest to experienced via ferrata climbers.
- Via ferrata gloves protect the palms and are therefore of great help. Those who shy away from the price for the somewhat more expensive special mountain version can also try the cheaper fingerless cycling gloves (palms covered with leather). It is important to have a firm, tight fit.
- backpack - The wrong backpack can become a terrible nuisance on the via ferrata. A suitable backpack is not wider than the back and does not protrude above or below it. It should be able to be pulled together by straps so that the contents don't wiggle back and forth all the time. And the filled (50 15) L trekking backpack has no place on the via ferrata anyway.
Glacier tour
Basically, it can be said that walking on a glacier without proper rope protection is life-threatening stupidity. Even the first few meters at the edge of the glacier can have hidden crevasses, unfortunately enough fatal accidents as a result of crevasse falls in this area are well known. To climb a glacier, theoretical and practical knowledge of basic roping and crevasse rescue techniques is an absolute must. This knowledge can be used, for example, via introductory courses German Alpine Club DAV or at Swiss Alpine Club SAC can be purchased and is not the subject of this article.
Climb
Walking times
- The "Panoramaweg" is a leisurely path above the valley floor, it offers wonderful views, often even with a bench, leads past streams and meadows and invites you to take a leisurely stroll. The difference in altitude and the length of the route are limited, the route is well paved and well signposted. It can often be accessed in early spring or even in late autumn, the condition is usually known in the next town or in the inn, ideally there are several serviced refreshment stations along the route, at least at the beginning or end of the route.
- The times indicated are easy to keep for the leisurely hiker.
- The "Hut access" moves with regard to the difficulties between the detour from the panorama path to the alpine hut and the high alpine ascent over the glacier for a 4,000-meter ascent in the western Alps. In accordance with the requirements for the mountain world surrounding the hut, the physical requirements for the specified walking times for the hut ascent can also be estimated. Exceptions confirm the rule here as well. In principle, however, most huts have an economic interest in day visitors, so that technical difficulties in accessing the hut are often limited or mitigated.
- in the "high alpine area" Above 2000 m it is assumed as a matter of course that mountain tourists have the necessary experience and stamina to meet the requirements of the high-alpine route. The times given therefore apply to a well-trained mountaineer. So if you do not have the appropriate level of fitness, you will have problems adhering to the specified times and should definitely take this into account when planning your tour.
- The times given can be adhered to by trained mountaineers under favorable conditions.
- The "Extreme tour" is not the subject of this article.
- A Reference value for the total uphill walking time results from two parts as follows:
- - 400 mH per hour is calculated for the difference in altitude, 1000 mH i.e. 2.5 hours.
- - For the distance difference 4 km / h is calculated, 12 km so 3 hours.
- The total time is then the longer time plus half the shorter time, so:
- 3 hours half of 2.5 hours = 4.25 hours total walking time uphill, less downhill.
- This is a reference value for "normal stretches" and applies to trained walkers. A surcharge must be taken into account for longer distances.
Height adjustment
Those who exceed heights above approx. 3000 m in the mountains are moving in a region with significantly reduced air pressure, for breathing and the lungs one speaks of a reduced oxygen proportional pressure.
The human body needs a certain period of time to adapt the processes in the body to these changed conditions at altitude, this period is called Height adjustment or Acclimatization phase. After a successful height adjustment, the normal Central European can stay in regions up to approx. 5500 m above sea level, which is also the upper limit for the base camp for high altitude mountaineering. At heights above this limit of approx. 5500 m, one speaks of an adaptation for a stay in these regions that is only possible for a limited time.
The exact processes involved in oxygen exchange in the lungs are currently still being intensively researched by sports medicine. The previously valid theory of height adjustment via an increased number of red blood cells is now partly controversial again. The basic rules of conduct for a successful acclimatization phase in the trekking area up to approx. 6000 m are known and should be adhered to for the sake of your own health.
behaviour rules
- requirement for a successful height adjustment is a good one constitution. Even a cold worsens the adaptation considerably. A good physical condition is helpful and a basic requirement for exertion in the mountains, but its importance for successful altitude adaptation should not be overestimated. Those who carelessly overexert themselves at high altitudes will deprive their body of the strength to recover. Altitude sickness very often comes at night when the body is recovering. Even the excellent condition of a triathlete does not protect him from altitude sickness and its symptoms in the event of misconduct.
- Drink, drink, drinkeven if there is no immediate feeling of thirst. Approx. One liter of water is to be expected for every 1000 m height, plus the additional fluid requirement for movement. Anyone who stays at an altitude of 4000 m for a long time can therefore calculate a daily requirement of around six to seven liters of drinking liquid. Moderately sweetened tea is recommended for drinking. The urine output is a control option; the amount should not be less than one liter per day and the color should be light to whitish.
- go high, sleep down: A simple rule that says that, if possible, the height of the sleeping area should be significantly lower than the amount of exercise. The optimal case is, for example, crossing a pass and then descending to the camp by several hundred meters in altitude. If the sleeping place is the highest point of the planned day's stage, it makes sense to climb even further in the afternoon and then descend again to the sleeping place in the camp after a length of stay or a rest at the high point.
- The Gain in heightin relation to the sleeping area, from a total height of approx. 3000 m should not exceed the order of magnitude of 600 meters per day. This value is reduced to about 300 meters in altitude per day at altitudes over 5000 m. If the daily gain in altitude is above the reference value, it should be compensated for by days of rest in order to be able to maintain the average value. The duration of the acclimatization phase can be estimated from these values; there are always individual deviations, depending on the personal condition.
- quick movements and strong muscle tension or one Overexertion are to be avoided. The result can be raging headaches, which then often last the whole day. So: Get up slowly from your bed in the morning, put your heavy rucksack on a raised rock before you set off and only then pick it up on your back and start walking slowly and deliberately. If possible, take a comfortable sitting position on the toilet.
- If you then walk slowly along the route and "listen into" your body, you will also hear its signals better and thus avoid harmful overexertion more easily.
- Headache medication such as aspirin or thomapyrin, if used carefully, can be helpful and relieve headaches. The blood-thinning effect is often mentioned, but here, too, the exact effect has not yet been adequately researched. As a rule, other medications should not be necessary in the trekking area. A doctor should always be called in for special cases.
- alcohol is not conducive to height adjustment. Der Durst sollte grundsätzlich immer zuerst mit Tee gelöscht werden. Wer auf sein Feierabendbierchen trotzdem nicht verzichten möchte (gibt's bis in Höhe eines eventuellen Basislagers fast immer käuflich zu erwerben), sollte es bei einem oder maximal zwei "Halben" bewenden lassen.
- Raucher haben gegenüber Nichtrauchern am Anfang der Höhenanpassung einen vermeintlichen Vorteil, da ihr Körper an Defizite gewohnt ist. Das Ganze relativiert sich mit der Dauer des Aufenthalts in der Höhen allerdings sehr schnell, nach wenigen Tagen ist der Nichtraucher im Vorteil.
- The Alter ist keine Grenze für die Höhenanpassung. Da ältere Herrschaften eher ein "ruhigeres" Verhalten aufzeigen, haben sie sogar gewisse Vorteile. Viele der knapp-Siebentausender der Anden haben schon Siebzigjährige auf ihrem Gipfel gesehen.
- A vorbereitende Phase zur Akklimatisierung für eine Trekkingtour im Himalaya ist auch in Mitteleuropa möglich. Wer die Alpen erreicht, kann sich zur Vorbereitung in einem möglichst langen Zeitraum in Höhen über 3000 m aufhalten. Beispiele sind die hier die Auffahrt und Übernachtung auf der Zugspitze oder das Verweilen in den Gletscherskigebieten der Alpen. Diese Art der Höhenanpassung unterstützt die Anpassung spürbar, ist aber kein Ersatz für diese und hält auch nur "einige Tage" vor.
- Der normale Mitteleuropäer sollte, auch nach einer erfolgreicher Höhenanpassung, nicht den Fehler machen, sich und seine eigene Leistungsfähigkeit mit den in der Höhe lebenden Einheimischen wie z.B. den Sherpas im Himalaya zu vergleichen. Diese sind nämlich durch die Jahrtausende der Evolution mit einigen biologischen Vorteilen ausgestattet.
Altitude sickness
Symptome für eine nicht ausreichende und mangelnde Höhenanpassung sind:
- Erhöhte Pulsfrequenz (tagsüber und in der Nacht). Hier empfiehlt sich unbedingt eine Kontrolle mehrmals täglich mit Übungen für Vergleichswerte vorab schon im Flachland. Die Dauer der Rückkehr der Pulsfrequenz auf den Ruhewert gilt als Indikator für den Anpassungsgrad.
- Appetitlosigkeit (trotz des Kalorienverbrauchs vom Gehen im Gebirge).
- Schlaflosigkeit (wird oft zum Dauerzustand).
- Kopfschmerzen.
- Kurzatmigkeit.
- Schwindelgefühl.
Für sich alleine ist jedes dieser Symptome zunächst noch nichts beunruhigendes. Sie mahnen nur zu vorsichtigem Verhalten und sind als Indiz für eine noch nicht ausreichende Höhenanpassung zu sehen.
Treten aber mehrere dieser Symptome gleichzeitig auf oder sind sie intensiver, spricht man von einer akuten Höhenkrankheit und es ist sofortiges Handeln, das heisst: Abstieg, erforderlich.
Übelkeit mit heftigem Erbrechen und Koordinationsstörungen mit oder ohne weiße Gesichtsfarbe sind ein sehr deutliches Symptom für die Höhenkrankheit.
Die Höhenkrankheit kann sich sehr schnell zum lebensbedrohendem Hirnödem oder Lungenödem weiterentwickeln. Vorbeugend hilft nur sofortiges Absteigen (unbedingt mit gesunder Begleitperson) um mindestens 500 bis 1000 Höhenmetern. Die Symptome klingen dann in der Regel sehr schnell ab, vorsorglich sollte jedoch einige Tage eine weitere Beobachtung erfolgen.
The Überdrucksack (Certecbag oder Gamovbag) wird oft für Touren in Höhen über 5000 m mitgeführt. Er ist aber nur ein Notbehelf zum Zeitgewinn (bei schlechtem Wetter) für akute Fälle, der Notabstieg bleibt bei einer Erkrankung unumgänglich.
literature
- : Trekking und Höhenbergsteigen. Ein medizinischer Ratgeber. Munich: Lochner, 1998, ISBN 3928026119 ; 160 Seiten.
- Weitere Infos siehe www.sportmedinfo.de and bielefeldt.de
Regions
Afrika
- The Kilimanjaro (5.895m) in Tanzania ist das Dach Afrikas, er gilt als sehr sehr hoher Wanderberg.
- The Mount Kenya (5.199 m) im Mount-Kenya-Nationalpark ist das zweithöchste Massiv Afrikas und beliebtes Trekkingareal, der Gipfel bleibt aber den versierten Kletterern vorbehalten.
- Das nebelverhangene Ruwenzori-Gebirge (5.109 m) mit den Mondbergen liegt in Uganda, ist das dritthöchste Gebirge in Afrika und die Heimat der Berggorillas. Das größte vergletscherte Gebiet in Afrika ist eine echte Herausforderung für Bergsteiger.
- The Drakensberge ( 3748 m) in South Africa sind die höchsten Erhebungen des südlichen Afrikas mit zahlreichen Wander- und auch Klettermöglichkeiten.
- The island Reunion ist mit seiner völlig zerklüfteteten Vulkanlandschaft ein exotisches Wanderparadies.
Amerika
Asien
- Die 52 km lange Kora rund um den Kailash
Australien und Ozeanien
Europe
- Alps, die Wiege des "Alpinismus" und Bergsports.
- Hohe Tatra, die Wiege des "Alpinismus" und Bergsports in Mittel- und Osteuropa.
Germany
- The Saxon Switzerland: Das Elbsandsteingebirge mit den "Sächsischen Kletterregeln" gilt als Ursprung der modernen Rotpunktkletterei.
- The Franconian Switzerland bietet viele Möglichkeiten für Kletterer in allen Schwierigkeitsstufen, der erste Kletterführer erschien bereits im Jahr 1931.
France
Italy
- At the Lake garda (Trentino / Northern Italy) ist die Region rund um Arco ein europäisches Zentrum für den Klettersport, hier findet auch alljährlich die "inoffiziellen Weltmeisterschaft" der Sportkletterer statt.
Austria
Polen
- The Tatra: seit dem 19. Jahrhundert ein beliebtes Klettergebiet.
- The Krakau-Tschenstochauer Jura hat zahlreiche Kletterrouten verschiedener Schwierigkeitsgrade.
Switzerland
- Die Gletscher im Aletsch area sind ein beliebtes Revier für Gletschertrekking.
Spain
Nordamerika
Südamerika
- The Aconcagua (6.962 m) ist der höchste Berg außerhalb Asiens, seine Besteigung fällt bereits unter die Kategorie Höhenbergsteigen.
literature
- : Bergwandern - Bergsteigen. Bergverlag Rother, 2008, ISBN 978-3-7633-6032-1 , S. 199. alpine Lehrschrift; behandelt werden alle relevanten Themenkreise im Kernbereich wie Planung, Ausrüstung, Sicherung und Wetterkunde, aber auch Randthemen wie z.Bsp. unterwegs mit Kindern oder Schneeschuhgehen, kartoniert/broschiert, 19,90 €
- : Richtig Klettersteiggehen. Munich: BLV Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8354-0394-9 ; 92 Seiten, kartoniert. Lehrbuch zu Klettertechnik, Taktik, Ausrüstung und Sicherheit, Preis 12,95 €
- : Klettern in der Halle. Verlag Meyer Meyer, 2008, ISBN 978-3-89899-296-1 ; 130 Seiten. Schwerpunkt Indoorklettern für Kinder und Jugendliche, Preis 14,95 €
Links
Aktuelle Verhältnisse
- AV-Portal mit Forum für aktuelle Verhältnisse: www.alpine-auskunft.de;
Die Alpenvereine
- Alpenverein Südtirol AVS: www.alpenverein.it
- Deutscher Alpenverein DAV: www.alpenverein.de
- Französischer Alpenverein C.A.F: www.ffcam.fr
- Italienischer Alpenverein C.A.I.: www.cai.it
- Österreichischer Alpenverein ÖAV: www.alpenverein.at
- Schweizer Alpenclub SAC: www.sac-cas.ch
- Slowenischer Alpenclub: www.pzs.si
Wetterlinks
- Alpen-Wetterdienst des ÖAV.
Lawinenlinks
Allgemeine Infos zu den Lawinenwarnstufen siehe auch im entsprechenden Abschnitt vor.
Germany:
- Tyrol (Nordtirol und Osttirol)
- Vorarlberg
- Land Salzburg
- Carinthia
- Steiermark
- Niederösterreich
Lawinenwarndienst Schweiz: Tel.: 0041-848-800-187
Overview Italy:
Overview Lawinenwarndienst Frankreich (Meteo France)
Tourenlinks
- www.steinmandl.de: detaillierte Tourenbeschreibungen (Wandern, Klettern, Klettersteige, Bergsteigen) überwiegend für den Bereich des deutschen und benachbarten österreichischen Alpenraum.
- www.kraxl.de: Tourenbeschreibungen im gesamten Bergsteigerspektrum.
- www.klettersteige-Online.de: Hochtouren- und Klettersteigbeschreibungen, überwiegend für den den Bereich des deutschen und benachbarten österreichischen Alpenraum.
- www.klettersteig.de: 1.500 Klettersteige in ganz Europa;
