Austria - Áo

Shirt (German: sterreich), the current state name is Republic of Austria (German: Republik sterreich) is a federal state in Central europe with parliamentary democracy. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955 and since 1995 a member of the European Union. Country of Armor virtue and Czech Republic in the north, Slovakia and Hungary eastward, Slovenia and IDEA to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein in the West.

overview

About 60% of Austria is mountainous, including part of the mountains Alpen eastward. LIVE Oberösterreich and Nuremberg is the mountain region of Böhmen that extends to Czech Republic and Bayern (Germany), on the eastern border are mountains Karpaten. The highest mountain in Austria is Grossglockner (3,797 m) in Hohe Tauern.

The great plains lie to the east along the Donau River, first of all the region Applenvorland and the Viennese basin as well as the southern region Steiermark.

The dry climate gradually moves from west to east and becomes a continental climate in the eastern and southeastern regions of Austria. Winter with lots of snow has given the tourism industry a second season. Sunshine is 10 to 20 percent longer in northern Germany.

History

Eastern Frankish Kingdom (Ostfrankenreich)

Much of what is now Austria belonged to the Frankish Kingdom of Karl the Great (Karl der Grosse). After the Treaty of Verdun (843), the Eastern Frankish Kingdom was established, in which from 856 Marchia Orientalis, a region in present-day Nuremberg, was placed under the Karoling family. From 955, after Emperor Otto I of the Holy Roman Empire defeated the Huns, the kingdom was expanded to the southeast. Many new domains of dukes and marquis were established alongside Karantanien and Marchia Orientalis.

Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)

In 976 Marchia Orientalis was placed under the marquis Liutpold (or Leopold I) of the Babenberger family. In 996 the name Ostarrichi was mentioned for the first time in a document, the spelling Österreich evolved from this name. In 1156 Ostarrichi became a principality.

The Bebenbergers were followed by the Habsburgs, founded by the Roman-German king Rudolf I in 1273. This new dynasty expanded its territory from 1278 until 1526. Their power resulted in a grand duchy (Erzherzogtum) that was an important element in the alliance of the Holy Roman Empire. Beginning in 1273, or 1438, almost every Habsburg dynasty achieved the title of king of Germany or the title attached to it of Holy Roman emperor until 1804 when the emperor Franz II (the empire) Holy Roman Empire) assumed the title of Emperor of Austria (without agreement with imperial law) and the Holy Roman Empire disintegrated in 1806.

Austrian Empire (1804–1867); Austria (1867–1918)

The country of the Emperor of Austria is a multi-ethnic country. The Habsburg-Lothringer domain stretched from Böhmen and Mähren through present-day Austria through Hungary as far as the Balkan peninsula. From 1815 to 1866 the royal family in Vienna was also at the forefront of the German Confederacy, which disbanded after the Austro-Prussian War.

In 1867 an Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy was created but with only Austrian and Hungarian interests in mind; The political demands of other ethnic groups for greater independence were ignored. After nationalist issues broke out publicly through the assassination of the Austro-Hungarian crown prince in Sarajevo, the outbreak of World War I in 1914 led to the end of the dual monarchy in 1918.

First Republic (1918–1938) and Third Reich (1938–1945)

Austria-Hungary was broken up and on that territory new states and Germany-Austria (Deutschösterreich) were formed. In the Treaty of Saint-German the name of this country and the desire to associate with the new German Republic (Weimar Republic) were prohibited. On October 21, 1919 the name was changed to "Republic of Austria" (Republik Österreich); in 1920 a new constitution was adopted; In 1931 the desire to form a customs union with the German Empire was banned.

The following period (1933) brought the people a dictatorship and in 1938 Adolf Hitler's accession to the German Reich national society. The dictator in the Third Reich replaced his hometown's name with "Ostmark" and soon after with "Donau-und Alpengaue". The Second World War caused by Hitler finally ended the autocratic fascist regime and the Third Reich.

Second Republic (since 1945)

After 1945 the Third Reich was occupied by Allied forces and disbanded. Austria was re-established and divided into four occupation zones. After the Republic in the National Agreement of 15 May 1955 pledged not to join another "alliance", Allied troops left Austria. On October 26, 1955 Austria declared "permanent neutrality". This "Tag der Fahne" (Tag der Fahne) day was celebrated in schools until 1965; From 1967 this day became the national day.

In 1969 Austria co-founded EFTA towards an economic union. Thanks to its neutrality Austria was able to connect economic and cultural relations with the countries of the West and with the countries of the Eastern bloc at that time, which helped Austria in the long run during the construction period. again. After the end of the Cold War in 1991 the policy of neutrality was definitely relaxed, but the satisfactory interpretation of neutrality in the new world order has since been a subject of domestic political debate. argumentative. In 1995 Austria joined the European Union (EU); In 1999 Austria abandoned the shilling and, along with other countries in the Union, introduced the euro.

Region

Austria has 9 states:

	State	Metropolis	Population	Area (km²)	Population density	City	Another town (total)
	Burgenland	Eisenstadt	227.569	3.965	70,0	13	158
	Karnten	Klagenfurt	559.404	9.536	58,7	17	115
	Nuremberg	St. Pölten	1,545.804	19.178	80,6	74	499
	Oberösterreich	Linz	1,376.797	11.982	114,9	29	416
	Salzburg	Salzburg	515.327	7.154	72,0	10	109
	Steiermark	Graz	1,183.303	16.392	72,2	34	509
	Tirol	Innsbruck	673.504	12.648	53,2	11	268
	Vorarlberg	Bregenz	372.791	2.601	143,3	5	91
	Vien	-	1,550.123	415	3.735,2	1	0

Each state is divided into several provinces (Bezirk). The state of Austria is also a second-level regional unit of the Union Europe.

The nine states of Austria grouped into three groups of states. The group of states is the first tier region of the Union Europe. This is not an administrative level. The grouping is for statistical purposes only.

STT	Name (German)	Constituent States
1	Eastern Austria (Ostösterreich)	Burgenland, Nuremberg, Vienna
2	Southern Austria (Südösterreich)	Kärnten, Steiermark
3	Western Austria (Westösterreich)	Oberösterreich, Salzburg, Tirol, Vorarlberg

City

• Vien - the largest city in Austria, as well as the cultural, economic and political center of Austria.
• Bregenz - famous for the annual summer music festival Bregenzer Festspiele.
• Eisenstadt
• Graz -
• Innsbruck - cultural and economic center of Western Austria.
• Klagenfurt -
• Linz -
• Salzburg - a city with a fascinating environment and beautiful Alpine setting.
• Villach -

Other destinations

• Lake Constance - a large lake located in Vorarlberg and shared with Switzerland and Germany
• Kaprun - part of the Europa . sports area
• Pinswang - one of the oldest North Tyrolean settlements Ausserfern, on the border with Bavaria and walk or drive to the famous King Ludwig castle
• Salzkammergut
• Saint Anton - a famous ski resort in Austria on the Vorarlberg-Tyrolean border
• Thermenland
• Wörthersee - one of Austria's highest temperature lakes
• Zell am See - one of the most important mountain tourist towns in Austria

Arrive

By air

There are 6 airports in Austria with scheduled flights. The most important international airport is Vien has connections to all major airports in the world. Other international airports include Graz, Innsbruck, Klagenfurt, Linz and Salzburg offers domestic flights as well as connections to several European countries. These airports are especially popular with budget airlines like Ryanair. For traveling to western countries it is recommended to use very close to the airport Munich.

Most popular airport to go to Vorarlberg are Altenrhein (Austria), Friedrichshafen (Ryanair, InterSky) and Zurich (Switzerland).

If visiting Austria to Austria for winter sports, choose an airport considering the cost and duration of the entire trip (airplane transfer). Unlike many countries, going to Austria to ski doesn't mean nothing. is to go to the capital first.

By train

Austria has a lot of connections with all its neighbors on a daily basis. All neighboring countries (even Lichtenstein) has trains that run at least hourly. Too much water (Czech Republic, Hungary, virtue, Slovakia, Switzerland) even more often. Obb (Austrian Railway) operates high-speed trains ICE and RailJet from the city like Zurich, Munich, Frankfurt, Passau, and Budapest. Eurocity trains are the next fastest available trains as well as trains connecting larger cities in Austria called Intercity. Regional trains are called EURegio and simply Regionalzug also available from all 8 neighboring countries of Austria.

Vienna is the largest railway hub, but day and night trains from Central European countries make multiple stops on Austria. Day trains are usually much faster than night trains. Tickets can be purchased from certain locations to Austria through the page web Obb.

Go

Transport infrastructure, both road and rail transport, is heavily influenced by its location in the Alps and, on the other hand, its central location in Central Europe. Traffic through the Alps requires multiple tunnels and bridges to withstand extreme weather conditions. Because of the location right in the center Europe so Austria is a transit country, especially for the north-south and north-southeast directions and since the iron curtain was opened is for the east-west direction. This also means that roads often have to be widened, even in ecologically sensitive areas, which often leads to public outcry.

In order to be able to strike a balance between economy and ecology, Austria has taken many measures that have given it a pioneering role in the field of environmental protection, especially in the field of automobiles. motor. The legislation that requires every motor vehicle to have a catalyst to reduce emissions was introduced in Austria relatively early compared to other countries. On certain sections of the road, only trucks with low noise are allowed. However, because many regulations have been abolished, people in certain areas, such as in the Inn River Delta, feel neglected by domestic and international traffic authorities.

Road Traffic

The Austrian transport network includes

• 2,000 km of highways and expressways
• 10,000 km of priority road (formerly interstate)
• 24,000 km of state roads (Landstrasse)
• 70,000 km of village road (Gemeidestraßen).

The road network is largely state owned. On highways and fast roads cars and trucks have to pay.

Rail

Most of the railways are operated by the Austrian Federal Railway Company (sterreichische Bundesbahn – BB) operates, is the largest railway company in Austria. The railway is partly non-federal, partly privately owned and partly owned by the states. The S-Bahn (fast train) is currently only available in the areas around Vienna and Salzburg but is now planned. plans to develop the S-Bahn system for the cities of Graz, Linz and Insbruck. Vienna is the only Austrian city with a metro network. Several metro stations in the city of Linz are built underground. Trams are available in the cities of Vienna, Graz, Linz, Innsbruck and Gmunden. Also in the village of Serfaus in Tirol there is an air-cushion train, sometimes called the world's smallest metro.

When should I go?

Austria is located in the Central European climate, so in eastern Austria, it has a continental climate with low rainfall, hot summers and not too cold winters. In the Alps, on the contrary, the rainfall is quite high, the summers are short and the winters are long. Visitors here should prepare in advance to be able to adapt to the climate here. In Austria there is a distinct division of seasons. Summer falls from June to August. These months are the hottest and have the highest rainfall of the year. Winter can be very cold and long, especially from December to February every year. The weather in spring and autumn can vary a lot, but the temperature is also quite pleasant, not too harsh.

You can visit Austria at any time of the year, but keep in mind that the weather can affect your trip. Summer is suitable for hiking, mountain biking or boating in rivers and lakes. There are many festivals held throughout the year, but the biggest music festival is held from mid-May to October.

If you want to enjoy the warm air, you should visit Austria from April to October, although the weather at this time can be unpredictable. July and August fall during the peak of the tourist season. There are a lot of tourists coming here, the prices are also skyrocketing. This time is not suitable for climbing, many places are also closed during this time including the Opera house. You won't get a chance to see a male choir in Vienna perform, you won't be able to visit a Spanish driving school. Therefore, June and September are the best times for tourists to visit the city. Except for the ski spots, you'll find the rest of the city quieter and more secluded in winter. Hotel prices have also dropped quite a bit. Although winter is quite cold, it is also great to travel at this time. The peak of winter falls from mid-December to the end of March. During this period there are Christmas and New Year celebrations. The resorts in the Alps are very deserted, and will even close from late April to mid-June, and November to early December.

Visit

Coming to Austria, visitors can go to the capital Vien - a famous historical European city located in the Vienna Basin at the foot of the northern Alps. There is a clear blue Danube river flowing through the city. The verdant Vienna forest that surrounds the city makes it an ideal place to inspire artists. Musically in particular, with many of the tunes originating here, Vienna is world-famous as the cute "Capital of the Music World", and in addition has a long tradition of theater. . Perhaps that is why there are so many streets, parks, theaters, and convention halls named after musicians. Walking around on the street, you always hear the echoes of music, melodious songs. Visitors can visit the Stephansdom Cathedral, the Heurigenschenken wine bars and soak up the romantic Waltz music atmosphere.

The city center - district 1 is the old town, which contains the most historical sites such as churches, palaces and the famous Ringstrasse surrounding the old town. The Ringstrasse was built on the site of the medieval wall that protected the old city of Vienna. On this road, visitors have the opportunity to admire all 12 great architectures such as National Theater, City Hall, Stock Exchange, University, Theater ("Burgtheater"), Parliament Building ( "Parlament") and two Museums. District 1 is not only the historical and cultural center of the city, but also the most elegant and expensive place with luxurious shopping malls, expensive hotels and restaurants with menus from around the world. gender. The Stadtbeisl shop in the old town sells a variety of Austrian dishes and cakes.

From Vienna, go west along the Wiener-Bundesstrasse to the outskirts of the city. Visitors can visit the summer palace Schonbrunn Palace. This is where the water emperor France Napoleon once reigned here from 1806 to 1809. At that time the Schonbrunn Palace was painted yellow, had 2,000 rooms, had its own chapel and theater as well as a zoo founded in 1752 considered a zoo. first in the world.

In addition, tourists can also visit the city of Salzburg - the birthplace of musical genius Mozart. There are green, winding rivers that divide the city into two areas: one side is a residential area, the other is a mountain castle, central area, and a church. The old houses, cool air and friendly smiles of the people will help you have real relaxing moments. Especially in winter, day or night, you will be able to see the shimmering beauty of Salzburg in the white snow.

City Innsbruck, the capital of Tirol, surrounded by the Alps and the Donau river with the Wachau wine growing region is also a famous place with a harmonious combination between the beauty of nature and bustling urban areas.

Language

German is the official language and mother tongue of about 95% of the population. Besides, there are Slavic languages ​​and other languages ​​of ethnic minorities. The long-standing Hungarian, Slovenian and Croat residents of Austria have the right to use their mother tongue in schools and to interact with the government. Croatian and Slovenian are additional official languages ​​in the administrative and judicial provinces of Steiermark, Burgenland and Kärnten.

Medical

Each form of emergency service in Austria usually has its own operating center. All emergency numbers can be called free of charge at each public phone. Emergency phone numbers are uniform throughout Austria, "122" for fire, "133" for police and "144" for ambulance. It is also possible to call for free to other emergency numbers such as the EU-wide emergency number "112".

Ambulance (Rettungsdienst) is notified when an accident occurs and someone is injured. The Austrian Red Cross is responsible for first aid especially in rural areas. Besides, other organizations such as the Union of Samaritan Workers (Arbeiter-Samarit-Bund), Johannit Accident Help Organization (Johanniter-Unfall-Hilfe), Maltese Hospital System Austria (Malteser Hospitaldienst Austria) and the Green Cross both have emergency services. In Vienna, this task is shared between the city ambulance service and helping organizations. Helicopters play a very important role in the Austrian ambulance system. The country has the highest density of ambulance helicopters in the world. Christophorus Air Ambulance Association (Christophorus Flugrettungsverein) owns 16 ambulance helicopters covering the entire area of ​​Austria, besides, especially in tourist areas, are many private services.

Next point

This tutorial is just an outline, so it needs more information. Have the courage to modify and develop it !

Wikipedia has articles about Shirt