Switzerland - Thụy Sĩ

Switzerland is a country in Central Europe. The capital is Berne. The largest city is Zurich. This country is bordered to the west by FranceIt is bordered by Italy to the south, Liechtenstein to the east, Liechtenstein to the north, and virtue. The climate is temperate but varies with altitude. The country has cold, snowy/rainy winters and cool to warm humid summers and occasional showers. Switzerland is known for its mountains (Alps to the south, Jura to the northwest) but also a plateau. central region with rolling hills and large lakes. The highest peak in Switzerland is Dufourspitze 4,634 m high and Lake Maggiore only 195 m above sea level.

overview

Switzerland ( .) virtue: Schweiz; French: Suisse; Italian: Svizzera; Romansh: Svizra), currently known as the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confœderatio Helvetica) is a landlocked country in Western Europe[note 1] with a population of about 7.5 million. Switzerland is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons with the capital city of Berne and two major economic centers, Geneva and Zurich. Due to its special geographical position, it is located between many large countries, so the language of Switzerland Switzerland is very diverse. This country has up to 4 official languages ​​​​is virtue, French, Italian and Romansh. Besides, Switzerland is also a country with a historical tradition of neutrality. This country has not had any wars since 1815 and is the headquarters of many important international organizations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, the World Trade Organization. hilly country with beautiful natural landscapes in the Alps such as high peaks, glaciers and many beautiful lakes. The country is also famous for its watch manufacturing industry and is known as one of the most prosperous economies in the world.

History

Switzerland is a peaceful country and was formed quite early in Europe, is one of the oldest federalist countries in the world (second only to USA).The oldest traces of hominidae existence in Switzerland are dated to about 150,000 years ago. The oldest known farming settlements in Switzerland, discovered in Gächlingen, date back to about 5300 BC.

Founded in 44 BC, Augusta Raurica was the first Roman settlement in the Rhine and is now among the most important archaeological sites in Switzerland. The earliest tribal cultures are known. Hallstatt and La Tène culture, named after an archaeological site at La Tène on the north shore of Lake Neuchâtel. The La Tène culture was formed and flourished at the end of the Stone Age around 450 BC, possibly influenced by the ancient Greek and Etruscan civilizations. One of the important groups of people in the Swiss region is the Helvetii. In 58 BC, at the Battle of Bibracte, Julius Caesar's army defeated Helvetii. In 15 BC, Tiberius, who was targeted as the 2nd Roman emperor and his brother Drusus, conquered the Alps, annexing the region to the Roman Empire. The area occupied by Helvetii—which shares the same name as Confoederatio Helvetica—was first becoming part of the Roman province of Gallia Belgica and later the province of Germania Superior, while the eastern part of Switzerland was incorporated into the Roman province of Raetia. Ma. In the Middle Ages, from the 4th century AD, the western extension of present-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the kingdom of Burgundy. Alemanni settled in the Swiss plateau in the 5th century and in the valleys of the Alps in the 8th century, forming Alemannia. The lands of present-day Switzerland were then divided between the kingdoms of Alemannia and Burgundy. The entire region became part of the expanding Frankish empire in the 6th century, following Clovis I's victory over Alemanni at Tolbiac in 504 and later Frankish domination by the Burgundians. For the rest of the world During the 6th, 7th and 8th centuries, parts of Switzerland continued to be under Frankish rule (the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties). But after its expansion under Charlemagne, the Frankish empire was split by the treaty of Verdun in 843. The present-day Swiss territories were divided into Central Francia and East Francia until they were re-accumulated. under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire around the year 1000. In the 13th century, the road running through Gotthard located in the heart of the Alps was formed and developed quickly to become an important exchange and exchange point in the fields of tourism. North-South economic and trade Europe and become a point in the sights of the great powers Europe. That situation pushed the groups of people here to form guilds and associations and form the present-day Swiss nation, under the military alliances to protect and support each other according to the nature of an alliance and officially. was born on August 1, 1291. In the 15th and early 16th centuries, the independent administrative units in the federation (13 states) experienced a serious crisis due to disputes over scope in one number of regions, contiguous areas. But in the face of the threat of expansionist intentions of a number of countries sharing a border with Switzerland, they quickly brought up disputes and internal struggles to an end. After those who advocated keeping Switzerland on the sidelines, 30 years war on the continent Europe In the 17th century, when the Swiss Federal Government won and retained its sovereignty and independence, the Swiss Federal Government was internationally recognized at the Peace Conference of Westphalia, especially at the Conference of Vienna 1815, Switzerland. committed to the pursuit of armed neutrality guaranteed by international law. In the early 19th century, with the encouragement of the French bourgeois revolution, the Swiss bourgeoisie declared its success. established the Republic (Helvetic Republic) and came to the end of feudalism with the feudal state structure. After the last civil war in Europe In 1847, the loose federal state was replaced by a more cohesive federal state, but the autonomy of the cantons and communes remained essentially intact. Many of the basic contents of the Federal Constitution today are drafted from the Federal Constitution enacted in 1847.

Geography

Spanning the north and south of the Alps in Western and Central Europe, Switzerland spans diverse landscapes and climates over a limited area of ​​41,285 square kilometers (15,940 sq mi). The population of Switzerland is about 7.9 million, with an average density of about 190 persons/km².[The southern half of the country's mountainous territory is less populated than the northern half. In the largest canton Graubünden, which lies entirely within the Alps, has a population density of only 27 persons/km².

Contrasting topography between the Matterhorn in the High Alps, the Sanetsch region and the plateau of Lake Lucerne Switzerland lies between the 45° north latitude and 48° north latitude, and 5° and 11° east longitudes. The country has three basic terrain types: the Swiss Alps in the south, the Swiss Plateau, and the Jura Mountains in the north. The Alps are the highest mountain range running through the south-central part of the country, covering 60% of Switzerland's total area. Among the high valleys of the Swiss Alps are many glaciers, covering a total area of ​​1,063 km². From here, there are the headwaters of many great rivers such as the Rhine, the Inn, the Ticino and the Rhone, which flow in four main directions throughout Europe. The hydrological network includes many freshwater bodies in central and western Europe such as Lake Geneva, Lake Constance and Lake Maggiore. Switzerland has more than 1500 lakes, and accounts for 6% of Europe's total freshwater. Lakes and glaciers cover about 6% of the country's area.

There are about a hundred Swiss peaks that are close to or higher than 4,000 meters (13,000 ft). At 4,634 m (15,203 ft), Monte Rosa is the highest peak, although the Matterhorn (4,478 m/14,692 ft) may be the most famous. Both of these peaks are located in the Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais. The section of the Bernese Alps through the Lauterbrunnen valley contains 72 waterfalls, famously Jungfrau (4,158 m/13,642 ft) and Eiger, and many picturesque valleys in the area. In the southeast along the Engadin valley, across the St. Moritz in the canton of Graubünden is also a famous place; The highest peak near the Bernina Alps is Piz Bernina (4,049 m/13,284 ft).

The densely populated northern area that occupies 30% of the country's area is called the central land. It consists of hilly landforms, part forest, part grassland, often grazing herds, or vegetable and fruit fields, but it is still mountainous. The largest lake is Lake Geneva (also called Lac Léman in French) is located in western Switzerland. The Rhone is the source of water in and out of Lake Geneva.

Climate

Switzerland has a temperate climate, but can vary widely by region,[14][15] from glacial environments at the summits to cooler regions near the Mediterranean climate in the far south. of Switzerland. There are valley areas in the south of Switzerland where cold-tolerant palm trees can be found.[16] Summers tend to be warm and humid during periods of rain, so these places are ideal for growing livestock and pastures. Winters are less humid in the mountains where long periods of climate stability can be observed for several weeks, while the lower regions tend to suffer the opposite effect, throughout the cycles. This is not the sun for several weeks.

Regions

Cities

Zurich, the largest city, a major center of banking and has a vibrant nightlife

• Berne, the capital with many well-preserved old streets, many restaurants, bars, nightclubs
• Geneva ( Geneva) - the center of arts and culture is an international city house with about 200 governmental and non-governmental organizations, the birthplace of the World-Wide-Web at CERN
• Basel - tourists' gateway to the German Rhineland and Alsace
• Interlaken - the action and outdoor sports capital of Switzerland, anything from skydiving, bungee jumping, hiking, canyoning, to canyons
• Lausanne - scenery, dining, dancing, sailing and Swiss wine country are the main attractions
• Lucerne ( Luzern) - the main city of the Central region with direct water links to all the sights of early Swiss history
• Lugano - an old town, a pretty lake, and the food is simply amazing
• Thurgau - a small city in Northern Switzerland, mostly flat areas

Other destinations

• Grindelwald - classic resort at the foot of Eiger
• Rhine Falls - Europe's largest waterfall, near Schaffhausen
• Zermatt - famous mountain resort at the base of the mighty Matterhorn

Arrive

Visa

Switzerland is a member of the Schengen Agreement. There is no border control between countries that have signed and implemented international treaties - Union Europe (except Bulgaria, Cyprus, Ireland, Romania and the United Kingdom), Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Likewise, visas issued to any Schengen member are valid in all other countries that have signed and implemented the treaty. But beware: not all EU members have signed the Schengen agreement, and not all Schengen members are part of the Union. Europe. This means that there may be a customs check location but no immigration check (traveling within the Schengen area but to/from a non-EU country) or you may have to clear immigration but no customs (traveling within the EU but to/from a non-Schengen country).Airports in Europe thus divided into "Schengen" and "non-Schengen" areas, which in effect act as "domestic" and "international" parts elsewhere. If you are flying from outside Europe If you become a Schengen country and so on, you will clear immigration and customs in the first country and then proceed to your destination with no further checks. Travel between a Schengen member and a non-Schengen country will result in normal border checks. Note that regardless of whether you are traveling within the Schengen area or not, many airlines will insist on seeing your ID card or passport. Citizens of the EU and EFTA (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland) countries only need a valid national identity card or entry passport - otherwise they will need a long-stay visa at any time. People of non-EU/EFTA countries will usually A passport is required to enter a Schengen country and most will need a visa. Only nationals of the following non-EU/EFTA countries do not require a visa to enter the Schengen area: Albania *, Andorra , Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Bosnia and Herzegovina*, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Japan, Macedonia *, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Montenegro*, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Saint Kitts and Nevis, San Marino, Serbia */**, Seychelles, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan *** (Republic of China), USA, Uruguay, Vatican City, Venezuela, additional people with the title of British National (overseas), Hong Kong or Macao. Visa-free non-EU/EFTA visitors may not be able to stay more than 90 days in a 180-day period in the Schengen area in total, not being able to work during the break (although a Some Schengen countries do not allow certain nationalities to work - see below). People count the days from when you enter any country in the Schengen area and do not reset it by leaving a particular Schengen country for a Schengen country, or vice versa. However, New Zealand citizens can stay longer than 90 days if they only visit special Schengen countries.

By air

Switzerland's main airports are international airports in Zurich, Geneva and Basel, with smaller airports in Lugano and Berne. Fly in close Milan (IDEA), Lyon or even Paris (France) or Frankfurt (virtue) is another option although quite expensive and time consuming (3h Frankfurt-Basel, 4h Milan Zurich, Paris 5h-Berne) by train. Some airlines offer discounted flights to Friedrichshafen, virtue which is just on Lake Constance (the Bodensee) from Romanshorn, not so far Zurich.Swiss national airline is SWISS [1] but a member of Star Alliance [2] and successor of the famous Swissair.

By train

Trains come from all over Europe. Switzerland is along with Germany one of Europe's most central European countries, making Switzerland a hub of railways and highways with the rest of Europe. Some of the main routes include:

• TGV trains, with several daily trains from Paris, Avignon, Dijon and Nice.
• Hourly train to/from Milano with connections to all parts of the IDEA
• Hourly train ICE (German high-speed train) from Zurich to Karlsruhe, Mannheim, Frankfurt in Germany, many people continue towards Amsterdam, Hamburg nice Berlin.
• Regular ICE trains from Zurich to Stuttgart and Munich
• Night train from Paris, Amsterdam, Berlin, Hamburg, Prague, Vien, Belgrade, BarcelonaRome and Venice to Basel, Geneva, Zurich and some also come Lausanne. The trains are one of two "EuroNight" (symbol: 'EN) or CityNightLine (icon: 'CNL) service [3]

By car

By bus

By boat

Go

To watch

Seven Wonders

• Chillon Castle: near the Montreux
• Vineyard Lavaux: ashore Lake Geneva
• Castle of Bellinzona: in the southern state of Ticino
• 'Monastery St. Gallen '
• Europe's pinnacle and the Sphinx . observatory: a "village" with a post office over 3,500 meters high Jungfraujoch above Wengen
• Grande Dixence: one meter high dam 285, south Sion
• Landwasser viaduct: on the middle railway line Chur and Saint Moritz

Seven Wonders of Nature

• Matterhorn: from Schwarzsee, Gornergrat or simply from the village Zermatt
• The northern wall of Jungfrau and Eiger: two of the most famous mountains in the Alps, they can be seen from the valley Lauterbrunnen or from one of the many summits that can be reached by train or cable car
• Aletsch Glacier: longest in Europe, wild Aletsch forest perched on a glacier, best viewed from the side Bettmeralp
• 'Thuong Lake' Engadin' NS: one of the highest populated valleys in the Alps at the foot of Piz Bernina, they can all be seen from Muottas Muragl
• Lake Lucerne: from Pilatus above Lucerne
• Oeschinensee: a mountain lake with no rival on Kandersteg
• Rhine River Falls: Europe's largest, sail to the rocks in the middle of the falls

Language

There is no Swiss language. Depending on where you are in the country locals may speak Swiss German (Schwyzerdütsch), French, Italian, or in the hidden valleys of Graubünden, Romansch, an ancient language related to Latin . All four are considered official languages ​​(with the exception of Standard German and Swiss German which is unofficial). Some cities like Biel/Bienne and Fribourg are bilingual, and any part of Switzerland has residents who speak something other than the local vernacular at home, with English, German and French as languages. the second most widely used. Note that you are unlikely to hear Romansch, as basically all of the 65,000 Romansch speakers also speak Swiss German and Standard German, and they are really overwhelming in Switzerland by English speakers. indigenous, as well as Albanian and Serbo-Croatian immigrants speak.

About two-thirds of Switzerland's population is German-speaking, especially located in the center, north and east of the country. French is spoken in the west, around Lausanne and Geneva, while Italian and Romansch are spoken in the far South. Swiss themselves are needed to learn one of the other Swiss languages ​​in school, and many also learn English. In any of the larger German-speaking cities, you should have no trouble finding people who speak English. In the countryside, it is less common but almost very rare. In contrast, English is not widely available in French- and Italian-speaking areas, with the exception of Geneva due to its large international population. People under the age of 50 often speak more fluent English than older people. Generally speaking, in the past when two Swiss people met for the first time, they would call each other French at first, and then switch to a language they were both most comfortable with once they had established their native language. each other's. English, however, has become clearly the second most important language in German-speaking Switzerland (as on many continents) astonishment of French-speaking Switzerland includes a debate if French or English should be taught in schools. Most offer both.

Swiss German is not having its own dialect group, but is just a word for (Alemannisch) the Alemannic dialect as spoken in Switzerland. Often considered a separate language, Alemannic and especially the highest Alemannic (spoken in southern Switzerland) is very different from Standard German so don't be surprised if you can't understand the locals even if you are fluent in German standards. On the other hand, all speak German. Switzerland learns standard German in school, so in large German-speaking cities (e.g. Basel, Berne and Zurich) nearly everyone will be able to speak German. German standards are very good. In small towns and rural areas, it still needs to be spoken moderately for fluency by anyone studying in a modern school, so if you don't approach the elderly the communication should be fine.

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