Italy - Ý

IDEA (abbreviated from Sino-Vietnamese: Italy), also called Italia (Italian: Italia), the current state name is Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana), is a country located in the Southern Italian Peninsula Europe, and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean, Sicily and Sardinia.

overview

Italy shares a northern border with the Alpine Mountains France, Switzerland, Shirt and Slovenia. Independent States San Marino and Vatican City are territories within the Italian peninsula, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian enclave within Swiss territory. With GreekItaly is recognized as the birthplace of Western culture. Not surprisingly, it's also home to a number of UNESCO world heritage most in the world. High art and monuments are found everywhere across the country. It is also worldwide famous for its delicious food, trendy fashion, luxury sports cars and motorcycles, diverse regional cultures and dialects, as well as for with many beautiful coastlines, mountain lakes and mountains (Alps and Apennines). No wonder it's nicknamed Il Bel Paese (beautiful country).

Italy was once the birthplace of many cultures Europe, as Etruscan and Roman, and later also the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance. The Italian capital Rome was once the center of Western Civilization, and the center of the Roman Catholic Church.

Today, Italy is a democratic republic, and a developed country with a GDP that ranks 7th and 20th in the world's Human Development Index. The country was a founding member of the forerunner of the Union Europe (signed the Treaty of Rome in 1957), and is also a member of the G8, the Council Europe, the Western European Union, and the Central European Initiative. Starting January 1, 2007, Italy became a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. At the same time, Italy is also considered a great power.

Italy is largely a peninsula located in the Mediterranean Sea, bordering France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia in the north. The country is in the shape of a boot, surrounded by the Ligurian Sea, the Sardinian Sea, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, the Sicilian and Ionian Seas to the south, and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Italian is the official language spoken by the majority of the population, but as you travel throughout the country, you'll find there are several different Italian dialects that correspond to the region you're in. Italy has a very diverse landscape, but can be described primarily as mountains consisting of the Alps and the Apennines that run through much of it. Italy has two large islands as part of its country: Sardinia, which is an island off the west coast of Italy, and Sicily, which is to the south (the "toes") of the boot.

In the event of an emergency or nuisance, the Italian Ministry of Tourism operates multilingual contact centers that provide information and assistance to strangers. Easy Italia operates seven days a week 9:00-22:00. You can contact Easy Italia by dialing 39.039.039.039 from anywhere in the world, or from a landline or mobile phone. If you are in Italy you can also contact them by dialing the toll-free number 800,000.039 from landlines and public phones. This service is also available on Skype (easyitalia) and you can get any information for free by filling out their form.

History

There were certainly humans on the Italian peninsula for at least 200,000 years. Before the Romans, the Etruscan civilization stretched from prehistory to the founding of Rome. The Etruscans flourished in central and northern what is now Italy, especially in the area now represented by northern Lazio, Umbria and Tuscany. Rome helped the Etruscans until Rome defeated the nearby Etruscan city of Veii in 396 BC. During the 8th and 7th centuries BC, Greek colonies were established in Sicily and southern Italy and the Etruscan culture quickly became under Greek influence. This is well depicted in some excellent Etruscan museums, and the Etruscan burial grounds are well worth a visit. Ancient Rome was originally a small village founded around the 8th century BC. Over time, it developed into an empire that covered the entire Mediterranean and as far north as Scotland. Its steady decline began in the 2nd century AD, and the empire was finally broken into two parts in 285: the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Byzantine Empire. The west, under attack from the Goths, eventually collapsed, leaving the Italian peninsula divided. Later, Rome adopted the so-called Middle Ages. This very city was captured by the Saracens in 846.

During the 6th century, a Germanic tribe, the Lombards, came from the north, hence the present northern region of Lombardy. The balance of power between them and other invaders such as the Byzantines, Arabs, and Muslim Saracens, with the Holy Roman Empire and the Pope meant that Italy could not be unified, despite late arrivals such as the Carolingians and Hohenstaufen managed to impose some control. In the south, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, a result of the unification of the Kingdom of Sicily with the Kingdom of Naples in 1442, had its capital at Naples. In the north, Italy is a collection of small independent city-states and kingdoms and will remain so until the 19th century. People look to strong men who can bring order. for the city and this is how dynasties like the Medici in Florence developed. In turn, families became patrons of the arts, allowing Italy to become the birthplace of the Renaissance, with the arrival of geniuses like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.

From 1494 on, Italy suffered a series of invasions by France and Spain. The north became dominated by Austria.

The Kingdom of Italy lasted from 1861 to 1946. Giuseppe Garibaldi led a campaign to unify the country in southern Italy, while the North wanted to create a unified Italian state under its rule. The Northern Kingdom successfully challenged Austria and established Turin as the capital of the newly created state. In 1866, Victor Emmanuel II was able to annex Venice. In 1870, shortly after France had abandoned it, the capital of Italy was moved to Rome.

In October 1922, a small national fascist party led by Benito Mussolini attempted a coup with the "March in Rome", resulting in the king forming an alliance with Mussolini. A treaty with Germany was signed by Mussolini in 1936, and a second in 1938. During the Second World War, Italy was invaded by the Allies in June 1943, leading to the downfall of Germany. the fascist regime and the capture, flight, and eventual re-shoot and death of Mussolini. In September 1943, Italy surrendered. However, fighting continued on its territory for the remainder of the war, with the anti-fascist allies the Italians not surrendering, as did German forces.

In 1946, King Umberto II was forced to abdicate and Italy became a republic. During the 1950s, Italy became a member of NATO and allied with the United States. The Marshall Plan helped revive the Italian economy which, until the 1960s, enjoyed a period of sustained economic growth. In 1957, Italy became a founding member of the Economic Community Europe. During the 1950s and early 1960s, Italy experienced a period of rapid economic growth and industrial production, known as the "il boom", which saw the country's rise from a poor and weak nation, to a strong. During this time, it is also possible, that cities like Rome are back as popular tourist destinations, shown in both American and Italian films like "Roman Holiday" or "La Dolce Vita".

However, despite a period of success and production that lasted until the mid-1960s, from the late 1960s to the late 1980s, the country experienced an economic crisis. There is a constant fear, both inside and outside of Italy (especially in the US), that the Communist Party, which regularly polls over 20% of the vote, will one day form a government and all kinds of dirty tricks are concocted to stop this. From 1992 until today, Italy has faced massive government debt and widespread corruption. The scandal that involved all the major parties, but especially the Christian Democrats and the Socialists, was dissolved. The 1994 elections brought media magnate Silvio Berlusconi to the seat of Prime Minister, he was defeated twice, but he emerged victorious again in the 2008 election.

Although unification has lasted more than 150 years, there are still major divisions in Italy. The northern part of the country was richer and more industrialized than the south, and many northerners objected to actual claims to subsidize the South. The Northern League party itself promotes greater autonomy for the north and to reduce remittances to the south. There is only one thing people in the north and south can agree on: no one likes to pay for the huge bureaucracy based in Rome.

Region

City

• Rome (Rome) — capital of Italy that was once the center of Western Civilization, and the center of the Roman Catholic Church
• Bologna — one of the great university cities in the world rich in history, culture, technology and food
• Florence (Florence) — Renaissance city known for its art and architecture with worldwide influence
• Genoa (Genoa) — an important medieval maritime republic; Its port brought tourism and commerce, along with art and architecture
• Milano (Milan) — one of the world's main fashion cities, but also Italy's most important center of commerce and business
• Naples (Naples) — one of the oldest cities of the Western world, the historic center of which is a UNESCO world heritage site
• Pisa — one of the important medieval maritime republics, home to the leaning tower of Pisa
• Turin (Turin) — a famous industrial city, home to the FIAT, other automobile and aerospace industries. Le Corbusier defines Turin as "the city with the most beautiful natural location in the world"
• Venice (Venice) is a famous tourist city in northeastern Italy, famous for its beautiful canals.

Other destinations

• Amalfis Coast - beautiful rocky coastline, very popular and private cars are prohibited during the summer months
• Capri - famous island in the Bay of Naples, formerly a favorite resort of Roman emperors
• Cinque Terre - five scenic spots, towns, strung along the coast with Liguria . vineyards
• Italian Alps - one of the most beautiful mountains in Europe, including Mont Blanc and Mount Rosa
• Lake Como - its atmosphere has been appreciated for its beauty and uniqueness since Roman times
• Lake Garda - a beautiful lake in Northern Italy surrounded with many small villages
• Pompeii and Herculaneum - two neighboring cities covered by a mountain eruption. Vesuvius in 79, now excavated reveals life as it was in Roman times
• Taormina - a charming hillside town on the east coast of Sicily
• Vesuvius - famous dormant volcano with a stunning view of the bay of Naples

Arrive

Italy is a member of the Schengen Agreement. There is no border control between countries that have signed and implemented international treaties - Union Europe (except for Bulgaria, Cyprus, Ireland, Romania and the United Kingdom), Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Likewise, visas issued to any Schengen member are valid in all other countries that have signed and implemented the treaty. But beware: not all EU members have signed the Schengen agreement, and not all Schengen members are part of the Union. Europe. This means that there may be a customs check location but no immigration check (traveling within the Schengen area but to/from a non-EU country) or you may have to clear immigration but no customs (traveling within the EU but to/from a non-Schengen country).

Airports in Europe thus divided into "Schengen" and "non-Schengen" areas, which in effect act as "domestic" and "international" parts elsewhere. If you are flying from outside Europe If you become a Schengen country and so on, you will clear immigration and customs in the first country and then proceed to your destination with no further checks. Travel between a Schengen member and a non-Schengen country will result in normal border checks. Note that regardless of whether you are traveling within the Schengen area or not, many airlines will insist on seeing your ID card or passport.

Citizens of the EU and EFTA (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland) countries only need a valid national identity card or passport for entry - otherwise they will need a long-stay visa. any.

People from non-EU/EFTA countries will usually need a passport to enter a Schengen country and most will need a visa.

Only nationals of the following non-EU/EFTA countries do not require a visa to enter the Schengen area: Albania*, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Bosnia and Herzegovina*, Brazil , Brunei, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Japan, Macedonia*, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Montenegro*, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Saint Kitts and Nevis, San Marino, Serbia * / **, Seychelles, Singapore, Korea, Taiwan *** (Republic of China), United States, Uruguay, Vatican City, Venezuela, additional British National Officers (in abroad), Hong Kong or Macao. Visa-free non-EU/EFTA visitors may not be able to stay more than 90 days in a 180-day period in the Schengen area in total, not being able to work during the break (although a Some Schengen countries do not allow certain nationalities to work - see below). People count the days from when you enter any country in the Schengen area and do not reset it by leaving a particular Schengen country for a Schengen country, or vice versa. However, New Zealand citizens can stay longer than 90 days if they only visit special Schengen countries.

Guest Vietnam need to interview for visa at the Italian Embassy in Hanoi. There is no Consulate General of Italy in Ho Chi Minh City. Due to Italy's participation in the Schengen area, Italian visas are allowed to enter the Schengen countries.

By air

Larger airports are served by major European airlines (Air France / KLM, Lufthansa, British Airways, Iberia, SAS, Finnair, Switzerland, TAP, Austria...).

Intercontinental airlines mainly arrive in Rome and Milan, with Rome being the main international gateway to the country.

Most international mid-range flights to the Italian city are as follows:

• Rome - with two airports: Fiumicino (FCO - Leonardo da Vinci) and Ciampino (CIA) for airlines
• Milan - with two airports: Malpensa (MXP) and Linate (LIN), in addition, Bergamo (BGY - Orio al Serio) is sometimes called "Milan Bergamo"
• Bologna (BLQ - Guglielmo Marconi)
• Naples (NAP - Capodichino)
• Pisa (PSA - Galileo Galilei)
• Venice (VCE - Marco Polo), in addition, Treviso (TSF - Antonio Canova) is sometimes referred to as "Venice Treviso"
• Turin (TRN - Sandro Pertini)
• Catania (CTA - Vincenzo Bellini)
• Bari (BRI - Palese)
• Genoa (GOA - Cristoforo Colombo)

Featured Airline in Italy

• Alitalia (IATA : AZ), ☎892010NOCC. The national airline of Italy, a member of the Skyteam alliance. 
• Ryanair (IATA : FR), ☎899 55 25 89NOCC. 11 destinations in Italy. 
• easyjet (IATA : U2), ☎199 201 840NOCC. Many destinations in Italy. 
• Wizz Air (IATA : W6), ☎899 018 874NOCC. Connects several Italian airports with Eastern Europe. 
• Blu Express (IATA : BV), ☎06 98956677NOCC. Mainly concentrated on domestic routes, linking Rome Fiumicino with several international destinations. 
• Meridiana Fly (IATA : IG), ☎89 29 28NOCC. Most active in Sardinia, has seasonal flights to New York, London, Moscow, Tel Aviv and several other international destinations. 

By train

• From Shirt via Vien, Innsbruck and Villach
• From France via Nice, Lyon and Paris
• From virtue via Munich
• From Spain via Barcelona
• From Switzerland via Basel, Geneva and Zurich

If traveling to or from France Thelo sleep train, spend a few minutes before your journey to buy bread or other food.

As of 2011, there is no longer any direct train connection with Eastern Europe (Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia). The only way to reach Italy by train from these countries is through Vien nice Villach, you can also go by train to Nova Gorica (in Slovenia, then crossed the border on land and lost a train from the railway station of Gorizia in Italy.

By car

By bus

By boat

Go

Train

Trains in Italy are generally good, regular but. The rail market in Italy has recently been opened to competition, so on some high-speed lines you can choose between "Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori" (private) and "Trenitalia" (state). On all other routes, the state is the sole supplier, with either Trenitalia or a regional operator monopolizing the local market.

• Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori, ☎060708NOCC. Trains of "Italo" NTV joined the Italian high-speed train network in 2012. Since then they have expanded their service, currently serving Rome, Milan, Turin, Venice, Florence, Naples and others. While they don't position themselves as a low-cost carrier (rather focusing on providing a much better service), for some routes and days their prices can be significantly lower. compared to competitors. Check out their website along with Trenitalia for the cheapest and most convenient solution. 

• Trenitalia, ☎892021NOCC. Trenitalia runs a wide range of train types: high speed train (Frecciarossa, Frecciargento, Frecciabianca, Eurostar Italia), Intercity, regional trains (Regionali, Regionali Veloci) and international ship (Eurocity, Euronight). 

High-speed trains are very comfortable, running at speeds of up to 360 kmph and stopping only at major stations. They connect Rome with Turin, Milan, Venice, Bologna, Florence, Naples and other cities. They are also the most expensive ships by far. To travel on the trains you are required to pay an additional to the standard ticket, including the reservation fee. Regional trains are the slowest, cheapest and less reliable, stopping at all stations. Intercity trains have a level in between high-speed and local trains. They are generally reliable, but if you need urgent time to catch a flight, for example, it might be better to pay extra for the high-speed trains.

On long-distance trains, there are 1 and 2 classes of seats. A second-class ticket costs about 80% of the price of a first-class ticket. On high-speed trains, you also have the option of a standard fare and basic flexibility. Basic tickets are the cheapest. On high-speed trains, a reservation is required. This means your seat is theoretically guaranteed, but it also means you'll need to purchase tickets in advance. In fact, many passengers who have other train tickets but take the wrong train will have to pay a cheap penalty for not having a reservation.

The official language of Italy is Standard Italian, a descendant of the Tuscan dialect and a direct descendant of Latin. About 75 words in Italian are of Latin origin.

When Italy was unified in 1861, Italian was mainly present in the literary language. Many Romance dialects are spoken throughout the Italian peninsula (Italian dialects), with many local variations.

After Italy's unification Massimo Taparelli, marquis d'Azeglio, one of Cavour's officials, is said to have said that the creation of the Italian state lacked only an Italian language (a national characteristic). The Tuscan dialect spoken in Tuscany is promoted as the standard language in large part because of its literary heritage (Dante's Divine Comedy is often associated with the fact that the Tuscan dialect became the standard language). Pietro Bembo, influenced by Petrarch, also advocated Tuscan as the standard literary language (volgare illustre). The development of print and literary movements further accelerated the standardization of the Italian language.

The establishment of a national education system has led to a decrease in the language variations used across the country. Standardization accelerated in the 1960s as economic growth led to the popularity of television (the state-owned communications company RAI established standard Italian).

Today, despite many local variations in accent and vowel stress, Italian dialects are almost always intelligible to both speakers and listeners. Indeed diversity persists and is sometimes used in expressions and folk songs.

Some languages ​​spoken in Italy are not considered Italian dialects but completely different languages, such as VenetianNeapolitan, Sicilian and Gallo-Italian languages ​​to the north.

In addition to many local language variations and standard Italian dialects, several officially accepted languages ​​in some form are also used:

• In Sardinia there is the largest group of non-Italian speakers, about 1.3 million people, who use Sardinian language, a Romance language that still retains many pre-Latin words.
• In the north, province of Bolzano-Bozen the majority of the population is the speaker Germanic language (German Upper). This area is taken from Austria-Hungary and given to Italy under the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 1919 World War I. Some German-speaking communities also exist in other parts of the northern Italy. The Cimbrian language is German related to the Austro-Bayern language spoken in parts of Venetian (Asiago, Luserna) and Walser at Val'Aosta (Gressoney). In total, about 300,000 or more Italians speak German as their mother tongue. Some people consider themselves Austrian.
• About 120,000 people live in the region Aosta . Valley, where a dialect Franco-Provencal used similarly to the dialects used in France. About 1,400 live in two separate towns in Foggia speaking a different Franco-Provençal dialect.
• About 80,000 Slovenian speakers live in the northeastern region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia near the border with Slovenia.
• In the Dolomite Mountains in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Venetian there are about 40,000 speakers of the Ladin Rhaeto-Romance language.
• A community of 700,000 people in Friuli speaks Friulian, which is also a language of the Rhaeto-Romance family.
• In the region Molise south-central Italy about 4,000 people speak Molise Croatian. They are the Molise Croats, descendants of a group of people who migrated here from the Balkans in the Middle Ages.
• Scattered in the south of Italy (Salento and Calabria) are about 30,000 Greek speakers—considered to be the last descendants of the region's Magna Graecia origin. They speak the Greek dialect, Griko.
• About 15,000 Catalan speakers live around the region Alghero northwest corner Sardinia—supposedly the result of an exodus of a large group of Catalans from Barcelona.
• The Arbëreshë, numbering about 100,000 in southern Italy and central Sicilian, the result of past immigrations, speaks the Arbëresh dialect of the Albanian language.

Shopping

The main currency of Italy is the Euro. 1 Euro is now about 24,600 VND.

Rome is not the most expensive city to live in Italy, but if you travel in this city, you have to prepare yourself a decent amount of money. The cost that you have to spend the most when traveling here is the hotel. Prices range from 80 Euro (equivalent to 1,968,000 VND) for a budget motel to about 300 Euro (7,380,000 VND) equivalent if staying at a luxury hotel. If you save money, you can stay in a dormitory, one night costs about 25 Euro (equivalent to 615,000 VND).

Food prices are also quite expensive. A Pizza with a glass of beer can cost around 18 Euros (equivalent to 442,800 VND), while a full meal at a city center restaurant will cost as little as 25 to 30 Euros (equivalent to 442,800 VND). equivalent to 615,000 VND – 738,000 VND).

In Rome, most major department stores accept payment by visa or master card. If you need to change money, you can go to banks, or foreign currency exchange points on the street. To get the best rate, go straight to the bank.

Food

Italian cuisine has evolved over the centuries with political and social upheaval, with origins dating back to the fourth century BC. Italian cuisine is heavily influenced by Etruscan, Ancient Greek, Ancient Roman, Byzantine, Jewish and Arabic, Etruscan, Ancient Greek, Ancient Roman, Byzantine, and Jewish cuisines. Substantial change has occurred with the discovery of the New World and the introduction of a range of food crops such as potatoes, tomatoes, peppers and maize, which are now central to cuisines, but have not been imported in great numbers until the 18th century. Italian cuisine is noted for its regional diversity, richness of differences in taste, and is known as one of the most popular cuisines. most popular in the world, with effects on other countries around the world. Ingredients and dishes vary by region. Many dishes were once regional specialties but have thrived with changes across the country. Cheese and wine are an important part of the cuisine, with many variations and Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) law (specify name). Coffee, especially espresso, has become an important part of Italian cuisine.

Typical Italian dishes include pasta and pizza. In Italy, the names of specific shapes or pastas often vary by dialect. For example, the cavatelli form is known by 28 different names depending on the region and town. Common forms of pasta include long shapes, short shapes, tubes, flat shapes or flat plates, miniature soup shapes, stuffing, and special or decorative shapes. This delineation is based on shape, composition and usage habits. Among them, spaghetti is still the most popular type. Spaghetti is a small round thread, made from semolina-type flour and water. In general, dishes from Pasta are usually prepared relatively quickly. In particular, the main highlight is still the accompanying sauce. The sauce that comes with pasta is usually tomato sauce, add a little cheese, minced meat. These sauces can have a variety of herbs (especially oregano and basil, olive oil, meat, or vegetables. Pasta shapes can vary widely, and accordingly, the sauces that go with them also vary. đôi chút khác biệt. Các loại pasta sợi nhỏ thì thường ăn chung với các loại nước xốt không quá đặc, vị nồng không cao lắm. Ngược lại, các loại sợi to lại nên ăn cùng với nước xốt đặc sánh. Còn các loại không phải dạng sợi thì dùng chung với xốt có nhiều rau củ. Nước xốt không được đổ ngập mì và khi ăn hết mì trên dĩa thì vẫn còn lại nước xốtMón pizza là loại bánh dẹt, tròn được chế biến từ nước, bột mỳ và nấm men, sau khi đã được ủ ít nhất 24 tiếng đồng hồ và nhào nặn thành loại bánh có hình dạng tròn và dẹt thì người ta cho vào lò nướng chín.

Mặc dù ngày nay xuất hiện ở hầu hết các quốc gia trên thế giới, nhưng pizza vẫn được xem là món ăn đặc trưng của ẩm thực Ý và đặc biệt là ở vùng Napoli (pizza napoletana). Trên thực tế, theo cảm nhận thông thường thì có thể nhận thấy các thành phần khác của pizza là cà chua và pho mát Mozzarella. Một trong những biến thể nổi tiếng nhất của pizza napoletana là pizza margherita.

Contact

This tutorial is just an outline, so it needs more information. Have the courage to modify and develop it !

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