Belarus - Weißrussland

location
flag
Short dates
Capital	Minsk
Form of government	Presidential Republic
currency	1 Belarusian ruble (BYN) = 100 kopecks Apr. 2017: 1 € ~ 2 R.
surface	208,000 km²
population	9.45 million
languages	Belarusian, Russian, Polish, Other
Religions	Orthodox 48%
power grid	220 V / 50 Hz
Phone code	375
Internet TLD	.by
Time zone	CET 1h

Belarus (Belarus) lies in the east Europe. The country borders Poland (Voivodeships Podlaskie and Lublin), Lithuania, Latvia, Russia and the Ukraine.

Regions

The country is divided into the capital Minsk and six administrative areas, called woblasts:

Cities

Minsk Mahiljou Vitebsk Homel Brest Nyasvish Hrodna

Place a Belarus

• Brest
• Homel
• Hrodna
• Minsk - Capital
• Nyasvish
• Vitebsk (soot. Vitebsk) - the painter's birthplace Marc Chagall.

background

Renaissance Mir Castle the Radziwiłł from the time of the Polish-Lithuanian aristocratic republic, today a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Baroque castle Nyasvish the Radziwiłł from the time of the Polish-Lithuanian aristocratic republic, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Dome of the Baroque Radziwiłł Church of the Holy Sepulcher

After the Mongol invasion and the defeat of the Kievan Rus Belarusian princes joined the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 13th century. After the death of Poland king Casimir the Great In 1385 the possibility opened up of connecting Poland with Lithuania through marriage. The Lithuanian Grand Duke Jogaila was baptized, joined in the Union of Krewo married to Poland's queen Hedwig of Anjou, ascended the Polish throne and founded as King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland the ruling house of Jagiellonian. They rose among the Jagiellonians Radziwiłł to the most powerful family of magnates in the Lithuanian part of the country, Barbara Radziwiłł even became a Polish-Lithuanian queen. After the Jagiellonian became extinct, the Real Union of Lublin 1569 the Polish-Lithuanian aristocratic republic founded, of which Belarus remained a part. With the Second partition of Poland In 1793 Belarus came to Russia. In 1863/64 it came to January uprising against Russian rule. On March 25, 1918, Belarus' independence was proclaimed for the first time. In the course of the October Revolution in Russia in 1919 Smolensk proclaimed the Socialist Soviet Republic of Belarus. After this Polish-Soviet War was in the peace of Riga 1920 the western part ceded to Poland, while in the middle and in the east Belarus the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic originated as part of the Soviet Union. On September 17, 1939 the Soviet occupation of eastern Poland by the Red Army. In the summer of 1941, the German Wehrmacht conquered the country within a few weeks. In 1944 the area was re-conquered by the Red Army. The country was badly affected by the Reactor disaster on April 26, 1986 in Chernobyl in the neighboring Ukraine. In the time of cold War Belarus was of the highest military importance for the Soviet Union. The Soviet armed forces used the Soviet republic as a deployment and transit country for the anti-NATO units in Central Europe. In the course of the Collapse of the Soviet Union the parliament of Belarus declared the former Belarusian Socialist Soviet Republic sovereign on July 27, 1990. On August 25, 1991, the state of Belarus became independent. Ruled since 1994 and thus for over 26 years Alexander Lukashenko the country with a hard hand. Belarus is therefore often referred to in the media as "Europe's last dictatorship". The country offers a valuable insight into a post-Soviet country that is about to make the transition to the West.

getting there

formalities

In principle, a visa is required to enter Belarus (for exceptions see below). It is important to know the address of the accommodation as it must be given upon entry.

visa

A fee-based visa is required to enter and leave Belarus via a border crossing other than Minsk Airport, which can be obtained from:

• 52.48747213.4639441  Consular section of the embassy, Am Treptower Park 31, 12435 Berlin. Tel.: 49 (0)30 536 359 36, 49 (0)30 536 359 35 (Mon-Fri 2 p.m.-5 p.m.), Email: [email protected]. Open: Mon-Fri, except Wed. 9.00-12.00.last change: Apr. 2016 (information may be out of date)

• 48.10191711.5988612  Consulate General, Schwanseestraße 91a, 81549 Munich (Tram 17 terminus, near the cemetery of JVA Stadelheim). Tel.: 49 (0)89 649 570 319, 49 (0)89 649 570 312 (Mon-Fri 2 p.m.-5 p.m.), Email: [email protected]. Open: Mon-Fri, except Wed. 9.00-12.00.last change: not specified

• 48.20411116.2575833  Austria: Consular section of the embassy, Hüttelbergstrasse 6, A-1140 Vienna (350 m to the train station Wien-Hütteldorf). Tel.: 43 (0)1 419 96 30 21 (Mon-Fri 1.30pm-5.30pm and Mon-Wed 8.30am-1.30pm), 43 (0)664 969 11 80 (Emergencies), Email: [email protected]. Open: Tuesday, Thursday, Friday: 9 a.m. - 12 a.m.last change: not specified

• Switzerland: Consular section of the embassy, Quartierweg 6, 3074 Muri near Bern. Tel.: 41 (0)31 952 76 81 (Mon. Tue. Thu .: 14.00-16.00 as well as Wed. Fri. 9.00-12.00), Email: [email protected]. Open: Mon., Tues. Thurs .: 9 a.m.-12 p.m., 2 p.m.-4 p.m.last change: not specified

The fees are uniform, the corresponding euro amount is also due for Swiss citizens. The honorary consulates in Hamburg and Cottbus do not issue visas.Application form) for a single entry of up to 90 days currently (2016) costs 60 €, a transit visa 20 € (30 € for 2 transits). An invitation is not required for EU citizens up to 30 days. The fee can only be paid by EC card or bank transfer. Cash is not accepted in the consulates. For express processing within 48 hours, the prices double. Entry visas, which are only issued at Minsk Airport, cost three times as much as the corresponding type.

Visa-free entry

The “tourist zones” Grodno and Brest.

For stays of up to 30 days (within 90 days), travelers from 74 countries, including Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein, have been required to enter and leave the country since July 27, 2018 only through the Minsk airport no more visa required. Registration is required for stays over 5 days.

A visa-free regime for stays of up to fifteen days has been introduced for the “tourist zones” of Grodno and Brest. In November 2019, three smaller, separate zones were merged. Instead of a visa, you have to purchase a voucher from a travel agency (e.g. here, which must be carried when entering the country, during the entire stay and when leaving the country. The "tourist zones" are not congruent with the areas (oblast ’) Grodno and Brest! The Belarusian embassies in Germany and Austria.

Registration

For stays of five working days or more, registration with the authorities ("OVIR") is required. Saturday usually counts as a working day, while some OVIRs are closed on Mondays. If you live in a hotel or similar, this facility takes over the registration - but only for the days in which you actually live there. Registration can also be done online in "Edinyj portal" of the Ministry of the Interior. To register yourself on the OVIR, you need to have the following with you:

• The person, with which one lives, together with passport.
• The Application form. For a small fee, you can have it created in the tip office (mašinopisnyj bjuro), which is usually operated on the premises of the OVIR, or download it in advance from the OVIR website.
• The Insurance policy (in the original) of the state health insurance Belgosstrakh or a corresponding certificate from a German international health insurance company.^[1] The insurance can be obtained either directly at the border (when entering the country by car), in one of the many branches of the insurance company or at banks. There is often a small Belgosstrakh stand in large supermarkets.
• The Deposit slip for the registration fee. Attention: Registration is subject to a fee (approx. € 12) if you enter without a visa via Minsk airport or with a visa; it is free of charge if you enter the tourist areas of Grodno and Brest without a visa (as of 1/2019). Payment can be made at any Belarusian bank (including online), the account number, amount, etc. are known there.

The Belarusian part of the Białowieża National Park can be visited for three days without a visa when crossing the border at the Pererov post from Poland (topicality?).

By plane

With Lufthansa or Belavia directly to Minsk. Alternatively, there are transfer connections from FRA or BER, including with Aeroflot (via Moscow), Austrian Airlines (above Vienna) or Ukrainian Air (via Kiev).

Arriving via the airport is also popular Vilnius in neighboring Lithuania, which is only 30 km from the border with Belarus and is jokingly referred to as the “Minsk III” airport.

By train

In the Brest Umspurwerk

Trains to Moscow run from Berlin several times a week, which also stop in Brest and Minsk. A train journey from Berlin to Minsk takes at least 14 or 15 hours and is only of interest to die-hard train enthusiasts. You should compare the prices of a sleeping car compartment with cheap flights, possibly to neighboring countries with a shorter bus / train journey afterwards. The sleeper trains are also mostly from the Eastern European partner railways (PKP, BT, RZD) with more modest comfort. Especially on the wide-gauge track, the rail joints are clearly noticeable and impair the comfort of rest.

The train speeds are a little below 100 km / h, especially east of Warsaw, and a longer waiting time at the border due to clearance at the external EU border and the need to change gauges from normal to broad gauge must be taken into account.

Hb = main station; Li = Lichtenberg

By bus

There are almost daily buses that go from various cities in Germany to Moscow and also stop in Brest and Minsk. Regular prices for one-way trips from western German cities cost around € 100 in 2016.

In the street

The best way to travel from Germany and Austria by car is via the - via Warsaw and the border crossing Terespol/ Brest (Autostrada A2) - at. It should be noted that in Belarus the blue nationality field of the EU license plate is not recognized. The nationality code is therefore also on the rear of the car (e.g. for Germany).

When entering the country by car, there can be long waiting times, often of several hours. There are no or very limited sanitary facilities at the border installations (e.g. no changing room for small children!) The estimated waiting times at the border between Poland and Belarus can be found on the Polish website granica.gov.pl/ can be removed.

Border formalities when entering Belarus from EU countries

The following stages have to be mastered during border clearance:

stage	step	Details
1	Entrance to the dispatch yard - handing over of "Passierschein"	After clearing the EU border region, you reach the turnpike or the traffic light to enter the clearance yard. There, the license plate number and the family name are first noted and the migration card is handed out. You also get a "pass", on which a stamp is required for each of the following stages. The clearance yard has several lanes, depending on the customs clearance, choose the "green" (no goods to be declared) or the "red" (goods to be declared) channel. There are border guards patrolling, who then also take over the car control (trunk)
2	Filling out the migration card	Fill out both sides of the migration card, the migration card will then be stamped at passport control and only the right side will be handed out. This receipt must be carried with you until you leave Belarus.
3	Purchase of compulsory health insurance	In the dispatch yard there are four container-like counters under the roof: insurance, transport control, customs control, passport control. So if you don't have health insurance yet, you can buy it at the insurance counter. The Belarusian insurance company BELGOSTRAKH is mandatory. The insurance can be purchased by people in Belarus in advance in the name of the person entering the country.
4	Submission of vehicle papers at the "transport control"	A power of attorney issued in Russian is required from the rental company to cross the border with a rental car. The rental car companies, e.g. in Lithuania, are prepared for this and have the corresponding standard powers of attorney, which, however, cost an extra fee (Europcar approx. 40 Lt). Usually the vehicle license, the green insurance card, the driver's license (pink D / EU "cloth" was also accepted) and the rental car authorization must be presented. Computer capture then takes place. You get a stamp on the pass.
5	Customs inspection on the vehicle	This is taken over by the border guards patrolling the dispatch yard. This then goes to the vehicle and checked. The inspection carried out is confirmed by a stamp on the pass.
6	Submission of the Customs declaration	The customs declaration is issued in duplicate, double-sided. On the return journey, this form may be filled out again at the border. The receipt must then be handed in at the customs clearance counter. After computer registration, typing and stamping on the customs slip, the stamp is placed on the pass.
7	Passport / visa / migration card control	Now you can queue up at the passport control desk. There the passports are scanned, the visas are checked and stamped, the migration cards are stamped and the previous stamps on the pass are checked. When everything is complete, you get the final stamp on the pass. Then you can pass the STOP sign at the dispatch yard and continue to the exit from the dispatch yard.
8	Exit from the dispatch yard - control of the "pass"	Now you can drive past the desks described in your car and cross the dispatch area. At the very end of the dispatch yard there is another booth with a turnpike. You show your pass to the border guards there. This then "counts" whether all stamps are on it and keeps the pass. Then you finally made it and actually entered Belarus.

By boat

Since Belarus has no connection to the sea, you cannot travel by ship. If you still want to come to the region by ship, you should use the ports in Klaipeda, Riga or St. Petersburg travel and continue from there by train. On the Augustów Canal can be canoeed from Poland (Augustów) from entering.

By bike / on foot

There is officially only one border crossing that is also open to non-motorized travelers: Białowieża- Pererov. At all other border crossings you have to allow yourself to be driven across the border as a supposed "passenger".

mobility

Tolls on Belarusian highways

From July 1, 2013, tolls will be compulsory on certain sections of the Belarusian motorway. The toll applies to all vehicles, regardless of weight class, that are not permitted within the customs union (BY / RUS / KZ), as well as to trucks over 3.5 t from the customs union. The rate in 2016, depending on the axle, is between € 0.04 (cars, up to 3.5 t) and € 0.145 for trucks. Motorcycles, construction machinery, tractors, etc. are free of charge.
This means that practically all foreign motor vehicles - including foreign cars - are covered by the obligation to pay tolls.
The toll system requires registration and the vehicle to be equipped with a toll meter (on-board unit, OBU). A vignette is not available.

Of the toll are (Current regulations) affected the following highways:

Street name direction	map	Street name direction	map	Street name direction	map
Polish border (Kozlovichi) - Brest - Minsk - Russian border		Minsk - Minsk-2 Airport		Minsk - Vitebsk
Minsk - Mogilev		Minsk - Gomel		Minsk - Grodno - Polish border (Bruzgi)
Lithuanian border - Minsk

A current overview map and more information can be found on the toll operator's website Beltoll can be removed. "Fare dodging" is registered by cameras and results in fines of over € 100, which are collected when you leave the country!

Fuels

Types of fuel from a Belarusian gas station

The density of filling stations in Belarus does not correspond to the Western European standard. Nevertheless, petrol stations are available in all major cities. Western European petrol station brands are not common, which are the most common companies Belarusneft and LukOil / AZS. On the major European roads and the main Minsk axes, foreigners are often required to pay in foreign currency (€, US $). Fuel cards (Routex, Euroshell) are only accepted on European roads and in the greater Minsk area at some petrol stations, especially in the south-southeastern part of Belarus there are no petrol stations that accept fuel cards. There are some LPG filling stations on European roads, but there is seldom large signs for this.

Refueling

In Belarus you have to pay in advance when refueling. You drive to the pump and then you have to walk to the cashier with the pump number in your head and deposit the amount for which you want to fill up. Then the gas pump is activated and you fill up the car. Now you have to go to the checkout again and either get the excess money back or have to pay again if you want to fill up more.

Main routes, traffic density and road quality

Trunk roads in Belarus

Main roads (highways) in Belarus

Main line M5 Minsk-Gomel

M9 (MKAD) Minsk ring road

Don't get confused ...

The main routes in Belarus are mostly in a good to acceptable condition. Control and safety equipment, however, only corresponds to Western European standards on completely newly built sections. Most four-lane roads do not have a central guardrail. In the Belarusian expanse, pedestrian crossings that lead over four-lane roads are also not uncommon. This is particularly the case at the bus stops that are located at the entrances to the villages and smaller towns that branch off from the main roads.

The traffic density outside of Minsk and the larger cities is very low compared to Germany. On the Minsk motorway ring road and in the capital, however, there is brisk traffic, and tractors on the Minsk motorway-like ring road are not uncommon.

Traffic control systems for night drives are below average, there are no delineator posts and game fences. The distances of oncoming vehicles are difficult to estimate due to the routes that run almost straight ahead for hundreds of kilometers. Inexperienced drivers should refrain from driving at night outside of the main roads if possible.

There are no rest stops and motels according to Western European standards, but petrol stations and smaller inns can be found at the main road crossings. One should not expect any foreign language skills from the employees.

For Western Europeans, especially from Germany, the low settlement density is unusual. You can drive for hours without passing a really large settlement. Carrying a cell phone is strongly recommended. The phone number of the breakdown service is displayed with small signs, e.g. on the motorway ring for the respective mobile network.

Overview of emergency numbers

Phone number	Ambulance service
101	fire Department
102	police
103	Ambulance
116	Breakdown service (different from mobile networks)
(1049 89) 22 22 22	ADAC breakdown service in (full phone number with country code, how the number from BY must be dialed)
(017) 2 22 06 66	Automobile partner club of the ADAC in (BKA) (full phone number with area code, as the number from BY must be dialed)

language

Both Russian and Belarusian are officially in use, but it must be clearly stated that Belarusian is hardly given any special promotion these days. Russian is spoken and understood in all parts of the country, with most residents of Belarus speaking "Tresjanka": Russian with Belarusian intonation and Belarusian sprinkles of words. Pure Russian is spoken predominantly in Minsk and some areas where there are many ethnic Russians and their descendants. Belarusian is the language of the intelligentsia, the opposition and the farmers in remote villages and settlements.

In the north-west of the country, the Polish minority makes up around 25% of the population. Here you come with Polish further. Many Belarusians also travel to Poland to study, work or shop and speak Polish accordingly, especially since the languages ​​are relatively similar and it is easy for Belarusian native speakers to learn Polish.

Astonishing parts of the older and middle generation have minimal to good knowledge of German; the younger generation is clearly dominated by English. But you have to be aware that Belarus is a relatively isolated country, in which foreign language skills do not have the same status as a country of comparable size such as Belgium or Greece.

Furthermore, as a foreigner you have to be aware that you will be approached unexpectedly on the street (especially outside the capital Minsk and outside the border town of Brest) if you should speak German or English. Many young Belarusians just want to take the opportunity to try out their language skills; you should react politely and courteously, as this is an excellent opportunity to get to know the locals and their opinions.

Tourist Attractions

• Augustów Canal
• Białowieża National Park
• Via Jagiellonica

shop

On July 1, 2016, new banknotes were introduced, while banknotes of the previous series will only be withdrawn from 2017. There is one special feature to watch out for: Due to the high inflation, four zeros are deleted. Notes of the new series have a value 10,000 higher than the notes of the old series with the same value imprint.

kitchen

Belarusian cuisine is pretty down-to-earth with the main ingredients being potatoes and meat. Popular dishes are Draniki (Potato pancakes), Babka (a kind of potato cake) and Kalduni (Dumplings similar to Russian pelmeni).

public holidays

There are nine non-working public holidays in Belarus:

security

By and large, Belarus is a safe country. Of course, healthy caution is called for in hot spots such as the large bus stations and train hubs - as in almost every country in the world.

Corruption is widespread, but normal travelers are seldom confronted with this form of crime unless they are driving their own car in Belarus, which we can only advise against for a variety of reasons (clumsy blackmail attempts by the police for a few dollar bills to get hold of, difficulties with customs up to the arbitrary confiscation of cars, search for guarded parking spaces, etc.), especially if you use a western license plate. Another reason not to travel by car yourself is the fact that in rural areas, especially at night, you can often expect animals of all kinds on the road. The number of stray dogs is above average. A wildlife accident with considerable damage and the trouble with the insurance, regardless of whether Western or Belarusian, are inevitable.

Big cities like Minsk, Brest or Grodno are largely safer than most major German cities. Only the following peculiarities should be noted, especially as a western foreigner:

• Openly showing homosexuality can provoke violent reactions from certain groups, but also from drunk adolescents

• It can be dangerous to wear clothing that deviates significantly from the norm, especially at night, as many streets are poorly or poorly lit. Extravagant, alternative, bizarre or immediately recognizable as foreign clothing can still experience a general tolerance during the day, although this can change at night and with a high degree of alcohol among many adolescents and young male adults. Rastafarian curls, punkers, hippies or other very conspicuous clothing and behavior can be dangerous at night. Belarus is a relatively closed country with relatively uniform codes of conduct and clothing,

• It is not advisable to go to certain nightclubs and striptease bars in the major Belarusian cities if you are not fluent in Russian. Otherwise it could be a very expensive experience

• It is best to avoid large groups of alcoholized men with pit bulls or other types of attack dogs (especially in many residential areas of Minsk), especially at night.

• Willful provocations are reacted to much more violently than in Germany. You should always be aware of this! Provocative kissing in the metro or on the bus can cause loud and unpleasant to violent reactions; the same goes for any kind of indecent behavior in public.

Young people should be aware that the pervasive patterning of people or the intense "looking into the eyes" as well as gross rudeness (e.g. not offering seats to needy people such as old people or pregnant women) can be punished with a slap in the face. The Belarusians are im generally relatively calm people, but when an argument breaks out, the reactions are more violent than in Germany. Life is hard and the tolerance limit for willfulness is significantly lower than in Germany; the moral ideas of how to behave in public are also much more traditional than in German-speaking countries.

• Never start any violent discussions with the militia! Belarusian law enforcement officers are known for their hands-on manner, which leaves little room for rhetorical games. If there is a dispute of any kind with the militia, immediately refer to your status as a German.

The German passport is still worth gold in Belarus and also offers a certain protective function.

• Be careful with taxi rides! Negotiate the price beforehand and never get into dodgy drivers as a woman traveling alone

• It is increasingly rare to see young women alone on the streets as it gets darker. Mostly only in the company of mother, relatives or male company. Fear of kidnapping and subsequent rape by car crews cruising around at night is widespread. In my opinion, this fear is greatly exaggerated, but young women should keep this quirk in mind as it is not common for young and attractive women to walk around the streets alone late at night. It could lead to misunderstandings. Point 8 applies in particular to Minsk, with some cutbacks for the larger cities and almost not at all for the villages and small towns

• There is drug addiction, but to a much lesser extent than in Germany. By the way, drug offenses are punished very harshly, much more severely than in Central Europe. In addition, it should not be forgotten that the Belarusian penal system is extremely sparse and, by German standards, very brutal. Tuberculosis and other diseases are widespread in prisons; this also applies to violence among inmates and between inmates and guards

• Driving under the influence of alcohol is theoretically severely punished; The reality is different. Be careful when driving in the country! Unlit cars with drunk drivers are not uncommon when driving at night. As a foreigner, however, under no circumstances should you drive a car if you are drunk.

• Passport and visa offenses. As a foreign tourist you have to register with the local militia station within 5 calendar days; many tourists who travel privately do not. You have to be aware, however, that in Minsk, for example, there are often random raids (e.g. at metro exits or at bus stops) to catch illegal immigrants and foreigners. These raids are mostly directed against the Caucasians, who are extremely unpopular with the population (Azerbaijanis, Chechens, Dagestans, etc.), Indians and Arabs. Regardless of this, even a European-looking tourist can get caught in such a raid. If you are found without registration, it can, but does not have to be, uncomfortable. You should also be aware that you can get into trouble when you leave the country if you don't have a registration in your passport.

Practical advice

Agriculture has been practiced again in the radioactively contaminated area near Chernobyl since 2005. Up-to-date information on radiation exposure is hardly available. At least the consumption of local forest fruits (mushrooms, berries of all kinds), but also game should definitely be avoided.

Belarus remains the only country in Europe where people are sentenced to death and executed. With regard to freedom of the press and freedom of expression, one acts similarly repressive as in Uzbekistan and the Turkey.

Hospitals

Public toilets

Die öffentlichen Toiletten sind überwiegend in einem maroden Zustand. Selbst in öffentlichen Gebäuden muss mit hygienischen Einschränkungen gerechnet werden. An Fernstraßen wird oft ein "WC" ausgewiesen, das sich dann aber als überdachte Latrine ohne Wasseranschluss entpuppt. An den kleinen Rasthäusern, die sich entlang der Straßen finden, sind aber meist sogar kostenlose Toiletten in halbwegs passablem Zustand zu finden. In Minsk empfehlen sich die bekannten Schnellrestaurants als Notfallort für die Notdurft.

power grid

220 V. Ein Adapter ist nicht erforderlich.

Trinkwasserqualität

Insbesondere außerhalb von Minsk ist das Wasserversorgungsnetz veraltet. Ablagerungen und Verfärbungen des Trinkwassers sowie eine starke chemische Aufbereitung (z.B. mit Chlor) ist anzutreffen. Leitungswasser sollte nicht unmittelbar aus dem Wasserhahn getrunken werden. Für Kleinkinder empfiehlt sich der Kauf von abgepacktem Mineralwasser.

Post and Telecommunications

Mobilfunk

Mobilfunkbetreiber sind:

• Velcom GSM (SIM-Karten werden nach 270 Tagen Nicht-Aufladung deaktiviert.)
• Beltelecom
• Der Ableger der russischen Mobile TeleSystems (MTS)
• as Life:) (Es gibt keine englische Version dieser Seite)

post

Den Postdienst besorgt BELPOSTA: Tarife (engl.)

literature

• Weissrussland. Trescher Verlag, 2016, ISBN 978-3-89794-271-4 .
• Russland - Weißrussland - Ukraine 1:2 Mio/ 1:10 Mio. MARCO POLO Länderkarten, ISBN 9783829738415 .

Web links

• Menschenrechte in Belarus e.V.

53° 43′ N 27° 59′ O

This is a useful article. There are still some places where information is missing. If you have something to add be brave and complete them.