United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland - Vương quốc Liên hiệp Anh và Bắc Ireland

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (English: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandUnited Kingdom, abbreviated as UK) is a country located in northwestern Europe. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of four main parts: England (England), Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In addition, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland also includes a number of other islands and archipelagos in many parts of the world. This Kingdom shares a border with the Republic Ireland. According to the July 2007 figures, the population of the kingdom is 60,776,238 people, the population density is about 246 persons/km². Most of the terrain of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is lowlands interspersed with mountains. young. Due to its mid-latitude location and the influence of the Gulf Stream, the kingdom has a fairly mild climate and relatively large rainfall. There are frequent blizzards and floods in this country.

overview

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of four main parts: Brother (England), Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In addition, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland also includes a number of other islands and archipelagos in many parts of the world. The Kingdom shares a border with the Republic of Ireland. According to the July 2007 figures, the population of the kingdom is 60,776,238 people, the population density is about 246 persons/km².

Much of the UK's terrain is lowlands interspersed with mountains. Due to its mid-latitude location and the influence of the Gulf Stream, the kingdom has a fairly mild climate and relatively large rainfall. There are frequent blizzards and floods in this country.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland established diplomatic relations with Vietnam on September 1, 1973. Vietnamese people often refer to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the United Kingdom (although the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is abbreviated as the United Kingdom of Great Britain). may be confused with Great Britain, which historically existed from 927 to 1707), or England for short (although Britain is only one of the four main regions of the Kingdom).

History

The current United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the last of a series of alliances that have been formed over the past 300 years. The Kingdom of Scotland and the United Kingdom have existed as independent states with separate royal and political structures since the 9th century. Wales, which was also once an independent territory, has fallen within reach. royal control of England since the Acts of Rhuddlan in 1284, and itself became part of Great Britain under the provisions of the Wales Act 1535. Under the Acts of Union 1707, England and Scotland, the capital which had been separate union states since 1603, agreed to form a political union called the Kingdom of Great Britain.

The Acts of Union 1800 united Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland, which gradually fell under British control from 1541 to 1691, to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The present Republic of Ireland declared its independence in 1922 after separating from the island of Ireland two years earlier, six of the nine counties of the province of Ulster remained within the United Kingdom, which later changed to its present name in 1927. .

British Empire in 1897As an industrial and maritime power in the 19th century, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is often associated with the title of nation that "formed the modern world", by playing the role of He played a leading role in the development of ideas about property, capitalism, and Western parliamentary democracy, and made great contributions to literature, art, science and technology. At its height, the British Empire stretched over more than a quarter of the Earth's surface and accounted for a third of the world's population, making it the largest empire in history. However, in the first half of the 20th century, its power gradually declined in the aftermath of the First and Second World Wars. In the second half of the 20th century, the empire disintegrated and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland re-established its current image of a prosperous and economically developed nation.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has been a member of the European Union since 1973. The current government's attitude towards further integration into the organization is currently mixed, with the Conservative Party supporting it. the revocation of some power back to the state. The UK government has not yet decided on the use of the euro. The plan to hold a referendum on this issue is implemented only if and when testing in five economies shows that joining the Euro Area is effective.

Geography

Climate

Politic

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a constitutional monarchy, and executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and cabinet ministers in the name of the Royal Family. The Cabinet, consisting of the prime minister and ministers, forms the Queen's Government. Ministers are members of Parliament and are accountable to this body, the legislature, traditionally seen as the "supreme" authority (meaning capable of judging all matters of law) and is not limited in its powers by decisions of its predecessors). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is one of the few countries in the world today that does not have a codified constitution, instead using traditional laws and fragmentary constitutional laws. .

While the head of the royal family is still the head of state and theoretically holds all executive powers, it is the prime minister who is the head of government. The government is primarily responsible to the House of Commons, which, by constitutional agreement, is responsible for electing the prime minister. The majority of cabinet members are in the House of Representatives, the rest are in the Senate. However, ministers are not required to be members of Parliament, although under current practice all ministers are members of Parliament. The British system of government is adopted in many parts of the world - a legacy from the colonial past - mainly in the countries of the British Commonwealth. The majority member of the House of Commons is usually the party with the power to appoint the prime minister - usually the leader of the largest party or, if no party has a majority, the largest coalition.

Economy

The economy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a capitalist market economy, based mainly on the private sector (accounting for 80% of output and 75% of employment). In the 1980s, under Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, Britain took the lead in Western countries in privatizing state-owned enterprises.

Currently, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the 6th largest economy in the world (2nd in the EU after Germany) with GDP in 2010 reaching 2,189 billion USD (in PPP), GDP per capita (in PPP) in 2015. 2010 reached 35,100 USD. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland stands out as one of the most globalized economies in the world, with a free trade, anti-protectionist policy (total import and export turnover of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland). Ireland in 2010 more than 900 billion USD). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is an important member of economic organizations such as the OECD, the WTO... The City of London is one of the world's most important financial centers along with New York and Tokyo.

Areas

Prosperity

Cities

England is big and has many attractions. England has many big, beautiful and famous cities such as:

• London - the capital of Great Britain and Great Britain, a vast, global capital of finance, culture and fashion. London is considered the largest city in Europe, should not be missed if coming to the UK.
• Belfast - the capital of Northern Ireland and became a popular tourist destination, undergoing major upgrades and improvements.
• Birmingham - The city with the second largest population in the UK, is the center of technology, attracting many visitors. It is a hub for culture, sports, art, shopping and media.
• Bristol - a historic city known for its Georgian architecture and maritime heritage, lively musical landmarks and home to trip-hop music.
• Cardiff - capital of Wales, in the past a place of coal transport, modern architecture boasts.
• Edinburgh - the capital of Scotland, home to the largest art festival in the world and many tourist attractions as well as being the second most visited city in the UK.
• Glasgow - Scotland's largest city, new cultural hotspot, former European City of Culture.
• Liverpool - bustling city, famous for music, sports, nightlife and multiculturalism. Birthplace of the band The Beatles.
• Manchester - bohemian music scene, gay district and home to the art world's new work festival as well as being the third most visited city in the UK. Home to two of England's most famous football clubs, Manchester United and Manchester City

Other destinations

• The Lake District National Park is the largest national park in the country.
• Hadrian's Great Wall: A giant screen stretching atop a craggy mountain, becoming one of Great Britain's landmarks. The border wall lies horizontally on a small barren mound, here one can see the remnants of the rampart, once a barracks containing up to 10,000 troops and a hospital.
• New Forest National Park: is the main tourist attraction in Hampshire.
• North York Moors National Park
• Two famous universities Oxford and Cambridge.
• Peak District National Park
• South Downs . National Park
• Stonehenge: UNESCO heritage site
• Orkshire Dales National Park.

Immigration and visas

• Citizen EU,EEA and Switzerland No visa is required, and can enter with either a valid national ID or passport. They have the right to reside and work in the UK (although some restrictions apply to Bulgaria and Romania). Irish, Cypriot and Maltese citizens have additional rights, including the ability to vote in and stand in UK Parliamentary elections.
• Citizen Anguilla, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Dominica, East Timor, El Salvador, Falkland Islands, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, Kiribati, Macau, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Monaco, Montserrat, Namibia, Nauru, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Seychelles, Singapore, South Korea, Solomon Islands, Saint Lucia, St Helena, Taiwan, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tristan da Cunha, Tuvalu, Turks and Caicos Islands, Uruguay, USA, Vanuatu, Vatican and Venezuela (biometric passport holders' Venezuela only) requires a passport to enter, but no visa is required for visits up to 6 months [1]. While in the UK, they are not allowed to work or access public funds (for example applying for a state pension). If citizens of other countries/territories wish to stay in the UK for purposes other than a tourist, business or student visit (i.e. an academic visitor for up to 6 months) or want to stay more than 6 months in the UK, they will need to apply for a visa allow entry (ie visa) prior to enter the UK. Citizens of countries/territories who intend to stay in the UK as a student must ensure that their passport is authenticated by a stamp with either the code 'VST' or 'STV' at passport inspection, if not providing educational services they intend to study may refuse to be accepted for enrollment.
• The UK has converted the previous visa category (except for visitor and transport) into a five-tiered points-based system (PBS), which means you will be required to meet the criteria specific and non-negotiable prior to visa issuance. The visa fee for the point-based system is very high, so it may be wise to see if the purpose of your visit can be satisfied under the zero-point and other visa system. For example, if you want to stay in the UK for 11 months to study an English course, it would be cheaper to apply for a student visa (£140), rather than a 4th tier student visa (£255).
• People of the Commonwealth who are 17 or older and have a British grandparent (or Irish grandparent before April 1922) can apply for a ancestral visa. This allows to reside and work in the UK for five years. After five years, permanent residence (indefinite leave to stay) can be applied, after 12 consecutive months of permanent residence and years of continuous residence in the UK, visa holders' ancestors will be able to apply apply for naturalization as a British citizen. All states citizens living in the UK (regardless of the type of visa they hold and whether they have a British grandparent) are eligible to vote in every election.
• Citizens of Australia, Canada, Hong Kong (UK (Overseas) passport holders only), Japan, Monaco, New Zealand, South Korea and Taiwan can apply Tier 5 Youth Mobility Scheme visa (previously working holiday visas for all young Commonwealth citizens were discontinued). The Tier 5 YMS visa allows the grantee to undertake a working holiday in the UK for 2 years from the date of issue. With only a limited number of visas issued for each particular nationality, demand far exceeds supply for Japan and Taiwan. Visit the UK Border Agency website [2].
• There are generally no immigration checks when entering the UK from Ireland. However, non-Irish or British nationals are still required to meet admission requirements, and should bring their passport (appropriate visa stamp if necessary).

When should I go?

Anyone who has spent a little while in the UK will identify with the weather here, although the climate here is quite mild and the rain is not very special. The best months for visitors are from November to February — cold, short days. March and October, the days are long but it is still very cold. April to September are the best months, many tourists come to visit, visit, more sightseeing. However, July and August are the busiest months, if possible avoid coming here at this time. Crowded beaches, all national parks, in London and popular towns like Oxford, Bath and York are also crowded and expensive.

Arrive

London has two main international airports, Heathrow and Gatwick, although there are a few direct flights to Manchester and Birmingham. You can catch a long-distance bus or ferry from mainland Europe, or a speedboat that goes through the tunnels. strait.

• Bus: From mainland Europe you can go to the UK by bus or ferry, cheap, especially if you are between the ages of 13 and 25 and over 60 will enjoy special offers. Buses are slow and not as comfortable as trains.
• Ferry: If you feel uncomfortable going through the tunnel or want to get some fresh air, you can take a bus or train to mainland Europe with a short ferry ride. It takes about 90 minutes by train from Dover or Folkestone to Calais or Boulogne, and 35 minutes by high-speed Saecat train.
• Train: The Channel Tunnel connects the UK and Europe, moving faster, not too tired because of the long distance
• Plane: The two main airports serving intercontinental flights are Heathrow and Gatwick, although there are also some direct flights to Birmingham and Manchester. The main and secondary airports in the UK have flights around Europe and Ireland.

London's Heathrow and gatwick are the two main airports for transcontinental flights, although a few zips also transfer to Birmingham and Manchester. All major, and many things, English airports are served by flights. Ireland and many continental Europe.

Go

Traveling in the UK is quite easy, sometimes during rush hours it is unpredictable. Budget domestic air and the UK's long-distance rail system can take you to major cities very conveniently.

Long-distance buses and city buses operate continuously, long-distance buses are expensive and slightly faster. In the city, black taxis are the most luxurious option — mini-taxi are cheaper.

Inland traffic can also be taken by train, although the railway system has been in use for many years, it is still of high quality and traveling quickly.

Airlines serving domestic routes include British Airways, British Midland, easyJet and Ryanair.

Note

• In the UK, drive on the left side, so look twice before crossing the road.
• If you are starting to travel in a strange city, especially without a tour, the first place to go is the tourist information center - usually located next to the train station or city center. From this center, you will receive a local map suggesting places to visit. Many cities sell travel tickets such as day tickets, 3-day tickets, weekly tickets at a cheaper price than individual tickets and allow you to use most of the public transport in the city.
• Don't leave your valuables or account cards exposed in public.

This tutorial is just an outline, so it needs more information. Have the courage to modify and develop it !