New Zealand - New Zealand

New Zealand (Vietnamese transliteration: New Zealand, Sino-Vietnamese: New Zealand) is a country belonging to Oceania. The capital is Wellington.New Zealand is one of the most beautiful countries in the world, a country of stunning natural beauty and diversity: jagged mountains, grasslands, steep fjords, pristine lakes here with salmon, raging rivers, scenic beaches, and active volcanoes. These islands form a unique ecoregion inhabited by flightless birds seen elsewhere, such as kakapo and kiwi. New Zealand has chosen the kiwi bird as its national symbol, and has even chosen the name Kiwi as a name for itself.

These archipelagos are sparsely populated, especially from the North Island, but are easily accessible with convenient and reasonable transportation networks. Maori culture continues to play an important role in daily life and government and corporate symbolism with many opportunities for visitors to learn about and experience historical and current day forms of Maori life .

overview

New Zealand is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean consisting of two main islands (named North and South) and many smaller islands, the best known of which is Stewart/Rakiura Island. In the vernacular Māori language, New Zealand is called Aotearoa which translates as "land of long white clouds". The territory of New Zealand also includes the Cook Islands and Niue (self-governing by a freely associated government); Tokelau; and Ross Dependency (the territory claimed by New Zealand in Antarctica). New Zealand is well known for its geographically isolated location: New Zealand's territory lies to the southeast. Australia about 2,000 kilometers (1,200 mi) across the Tasman Sea. The countries closest to New Zealand are Nouvelle Calédonie to the north-northwest, Fiji to the north and Tonga to the north-northeast. During a long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a unique flora and fauna dominated by birds. Many of these species have become extinct since humans migrated there and brought invasive mammals with them. New Zealand's population is largely of human ancestry. Europe (Māori: Pakeha) while the Maori are the largest minority. People of Polynesian (Polynesian) descent and Asia are also important minorities, especially in urban areas. The most commonly spoken language in New Zealand is English. New Zealand as a developed country ranks highly in international assessments in many respects, including education, economic freedom, and only education. corruption perception. New Zealand's cities are also regularly featured in lists of the world's most liveable cities. Elizabeth II is the Queen of New Zealand, represented by the Governor-General. The Governor-General is a ceremonial position, not political. In the words of the people here, the Queen "reigns but does not rule", that is, the Queen is "in office, not in office", so the British royal family does not participate in politics. The Prime Minister governs politics and heads the Government in the New Zealand Parliament, democratically elected.

History

New Zealand is the main settlement area of ​​the Polynesian people. In terms of area New Zealand is also the largest territory of this race. According to researchers, the Polynesians entered and settled the area around 1250–1300 AD. Some studies suggest that the first wave of migration may have occurred much earlier than 50–150 AD, but that group of people later perished or migrated elsewhere, so New Zealand later absence of people. Over the centuries, the Polynesians in New Zealand formed a distinct culture, now known as the Māori. The island's inhabitants are divided into several groups iwi (tribes) and hapū (tribes). These groups have a changing relationship, sometimes cooperating, sometimes competing, and sometimes fighting. Then a group of Māori migrated to the Chatham Islands and founded another separate culture called Moriori.

European Explorers[edit]The first European recorded in New Zealand to set foot in New Zealand was the Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman with his crew in 1642. During an encounter with the Māori, several European sailors in Tasman's crew were killed. Tasman immediately sent anchor to leave New Zealand and did not return. For a period of more than 100 years, New Zealand was completely devoid of Europeans until the British explorer James Cook during his voyages in the southern Pacific Ocean about 1768-71 pairs of ports into New Zealand. Cook first visited New Zealand in 1769 and charted most of the archipelago's coastline. After Cook, countless merchant ships and fishing boats from Europe and North America visited New Zealand to fish for whales or seals. They traded with the Aborigines for European goods and food, and especially metal tools and weapons, in exchange for wood, food, and other Māori goods. The exchange also recorded the crime of buying sex.

With the entry of Europeans, New Zealand absorbed a number of important commodities, including potatoes and muskets. These two items strongly influenced the cultivation of food crops and the social organization of the Māori aboriginal people because of the subsequent conflicts between the tribes on the island by firecrackers.

Culturally beginning in the 19th century, despite initial resistance from the native population, Christian missionaries became increasingly active in New Zealand and evangelized the Māori Aboriginal people. . The people who follow the religion are increasingly changing the nuances of Māori culture.[15]

In the face of the mass and disorderly immigration of Europeans causing disturbances to Aboriginal society, and the threat and territorial ambitions of the French squaring on the Pacific, the British government sent William Hobson to come. New Zealand to assert British sovereignty and sought to negotiate a political settlement with the Māori.[i] The result was the Treaty of Waitangi signed at the Bay of Islands on 6 February 1840.[16] Because the drafting of the treaty was somewhat rushed, the English and Māori texts had many inconsistencies in translation, causing confusion in implementation. However, the Treaty of Waitangi is still considered the foundation of the birth of New Zealand and it is still cited as a legal document guaranteeing the rights of the Māori people.

The situation became complicated when Hobson, as Deputy Governor-General, issued two proclamations in the Advertising Gazette and the Gulf of the New Zealand Islands on June 19, 1840. The first communique "affirmed on land to be Discovered [emphasis], Sovereignty by Her Majesty the Queen over the Southern Islands of New Zealand, commonly known as 'Central Island' (South Island) and 'Stewart Island' (Stewart Island/Rakiura); and the Island, commonly known as the 'North Island', has been ceded to Her Majesty the Queen." The second statement describes the process of establishing the Queen's sovereignty over the "North Island" which was ceded through the treaty signed in February.[17]

Under British rule, New Zealand was originally part of the colony of New South Wales, but became a separate colony in 1841.[16] Okiato was initially chosen by Hobson as the colony's capital in 1840, before moving the government seat to Auckland in 1841. The number of British settlers in New Zealand particularly increased. Initially, the Māori traded smoothly with 'Pakeha', the Māori name for Europeans, and many iwi became rich. As the number of new settlers increased, conflicts over land broke out leading to the New Zealand Land Wars in the 1860s and 1870s, resulting in much of the Māori land falling into Western hands. The details of European settlement and the abandonment of land by the Māori are still a subject of controversy.

Gustavus von Tempsky was shot during the land war. A government representing the colony was established in 1852 when the United Kingdom passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852. The first New Zealand Parliament met in 1854. 1856 the colonial government was able to more effectively manage and solve all problems in the territory than the policy towards the natives. Power in this respect was transferred to the colonial government in the 1860s.[16]

In 1863 Prime Minister Alfred Domett came to a decision that the capital be moved to a place in Cook Strait, apparently due to concerns that the South Island would split into a separate colony. Missionaries from Australia (chosen for their neutrality) advised Wellington to be the right place to place government due to its central location and harbor, then parliament officially moved to this place for the first time in 1865.[19] In 1893, New Zealand became the first country in the world to recognize women's suffrage.

In 1907 New Zealand became a semi-autonomous territory of the British Empire, and an independent Commonwealth state in 1947 when the 1931 Westminster Act was approved,[16] despite the fact that the influence of The British who took over the management of New Zealand persisted for a long time after that. As the country became increasingly politically independent, however, economically it became dependent; In the 1890s, refrigerated shipbuilding enabled the export of meat and dairy to Britain, a trade link that provided the foundation for the development of the New Zealand economy.

New Zealand was an active member of the British Empire, it fought with British troops in wars such as the Second Boer War, World War I and World War II, especially in the Battle of Britain, in addition to It even supported Britain during the Suez Crisis. The country was a major contributor to the world economy and suffered the heavy effects of the Great Depression in the 1930s. The recession led to the election of the first labor government. , which subsequently built a welfare state and a heavily protectionist economy.

Flag Tino rangatiratanga (sovereign of Māori)New Zealand experienced a period of prosperity after World War II. However, some social problems still exist and have not been satisfactorily resolved; Māori people have begun to leave the traditional rural way of life and move to the city in search of work. A Māori protest movement eventually occurred, to protest against Eurocentrism and to seek due recognition for Māori culture and the Treaty of Waitangi, which had long been ignored.

In 1975, the Waitangi Trial was opened to investigate alleged violations of the Treaty, and this trial facilitated the investigation of historical discord in 1985. Along with other developed nations, Social development in the 1970s was always accompanied by political change.

Britain's membership in the European Economic Community, implemented in 1973, has reduced many of the barriers for New Zealand exporters to enter their former major markets. This event and the energy crisis of the 1970s led to important economic and social changes during the 1980s under the direction of a fourth labor government led by the Secretary of the Treasury. Roger Douglas, whose policies became known as Rogernomics.

Geography

New Zealand consists of two main islands and many smaller islands in the South Pacific Ocean about 1,600 km (1,000 mi) southeast of Australia. With a population of four million in a country the size of Great Britain or Japan, many areas are sparsely populated.

Be sure to allow enough time to travel in New Zealand. It's possible to visit in three or four weeks on each island, although you can certainly see highlights in little time. Wind roads along the coast and through mountain ranges, especially in the South Islands.

Auckland, with a population of about 1.4 million, is the largest city in New Zealand and Polynesia.

Region

City

• Wellington - capital
• Auckland – a city with about 1.5 million inhabitants
• Christchurch – garden city, gateway to Antarctica
• Dunedin
• Hamilton
• Napier
• Nelson
• Queenstown
• Rotorua

Other destinations

New Zealand is rich in national parks, rural areas and remote places worth a visit.

• Abel Tasman . National Park - golden sand beach, kayaking and Abel Tasman coastal path
• Mount Cook Aoraki National Park - many hiking opportunities and New Zealand's highest mountain
• Bay of Islands - beautiful location in North Island with historical significance
• Coromandel Peninsula - rugged coastline with many beaches and opportunities just a hike and an hour and a half from Auckland
• Hawke's Bay - wineries in the hills and art deco architecture in Napier
• Milford Sound - beautiful strait in Fiordland National Park
• Taupo - salmon fishing and adventure activities on the North Island
• Tongariro National Park - three volcanoes, two snowfields and one of the most popular hiking trails in the country
• Westland National Park - where the Franz Josef and Fox glaciers are located

Arrive

By air

New Zealand is a long way from anywhere else in the world, so for most visitors the only practical way to enter New Zealand is by air. Even the shortest flights between Australia and New Zealand take more than 3 hours.

There are international airports in Auckland, Rotorua, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin and Queenstown. The main ports are Auckland and Christchurch, with Auckland serving over 20 destinations and dozens of airlines, and direct connections from Christchurch to Christchurch. Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Singapore, and Tokyo. Others are mainly limited to flights from Australia. If you do take a flight through Australia, make sure you have a transit visa in case you need to get one. You won't be able to get on your other flight. [1]

Due to the large expatriate communities of Polynesian Melanesia, New Zealand has extensive direct flight options with South Pacific countries such as Samoa, Fiji, Tonga and Cook Islands.Departure tax is included in the ticket price.

Visa

Foreigners of the following countries/territories can enter New Zealand visa-free as one visitor provided they present a valid passport:

Unlimited: Australia (both Australian citizens and permanent residents)

Up to 6 months: United Kingdom (British citizens and other British passport holders who produce proof of their right of permanent residence in the UK)

Up to 3 months: All member countries European Union, Andorra, Argentina, Bahrain, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Hong Kong (including UK (foreign) passports), Iceland, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Malaysia, Mexico, Monaco, Norway, Oman, Qatar, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Uruguay, United Arab Emirates, USA and Vatican

Except for Australian citizens and permanent residents, entering, as a visitor are not get a job in New Zealand.

For more information, check the list of Visa Exempt Countries [2]. All visa waivers, including one for Australians, may be refused. In particular, potential travelers with a criminal record or who have been refused entry to or deported from any country should check with Immigration New Zealand if they need to apply for a visa.

Visitors from countries not on the visa-free list or who wish to stay longer than the maximum visa-free period for their nationality will need to apply for the appropriate visa. New Zealand Immigration Check [3] website for details.

If you require a visa to enter New Zealand, you may be able to apply for a visa at a British embassy, ​​high commission or consulate in the country where you legally reside if there is no New Zealand diplomacy. For example, the British embassies in Belgrade [4] and ripoli [5] accept New Zealand visa applications. British Diplomats charge £50 to process a New Zealand visa application and an additional £70 if New Zealand immigration requires a visa application to be referred to them. Immigration New Zealand may also decide to pay additional fees if they match you directly.

If entering as a tourist, you must have a ticket or proof of onward travel after entering New Zealand and even check-in with the airlines. If you don't then you will have to buy one at the airport to be allowed to check in

For those who need a visa and are traveling in a group (with travel plans and itineraries), it may be better to apply for a significantly cheaper group visa /guests/specialvisitors.htm. While applying for such a visa, in addition to individual application forms, a separate group visa application (only one form for the entire group) must also be submitted.

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Learn

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Contact

This tutorial is just an outline, so it needs more information. Have the courage to modify and develop it !

Wikipedia has articles about New Zealand