Australia - Úc

Australia nice Australia is a country in Oceania. The capital is Canberra. The largest city is Sydney. Australia is characterized by marsupials and platypuses. It is the sixth largest country in the world, the only country occupying an entire continent, and also the largest country in the Australasia/Oceania region. It also includes the large island of Tasmania, a state of Australia, and several small islands in the Pacific Ocean and India Positive. Australia's neighbors include New Zealand to the southeast; Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the northeast.

overview

Geography

Australia is the smallest continent but sixth largest country in terms of land area. This country is comparable in size to the 48 contiguous states USA. Australia is bordered to the west by India Ocean, and east of the South Pacific Ocean. The Tasman Sea lies to the southeast, separating Australia from New Zealand, while the Coral Sea lies to the northeast. Papua New Guinea, East Timor and Indonesia are Australia's northern neighbours, separated from Australia by the Arafura Sea and the Timor Sea.

Australia is a highly urbanized country with the majority of the population concentrated along the east and southeast coasts. Most parts of the inland country are semi-arid. The most populous states are Victoria and New South Wales, but by far the largest in land area is Western Australia.

Australia covers an area of ​​7,682,300 square kilometers (2,966,152 square miles) and the distances between cities and towns are easy to underestimate.

Australia has a large area cleared for agricultural purposes, but many areas of natural forest exist in large national parks and other less developed areas. Long-term Australian concerns include salinity, pollution, biodiversity loss, and the management and conservation of coastal areas, particularly the Great Barrier Reef.

Climate

Being a large continent is a large variation in climate found across Australia. Much of the country receives more than 3,000 hours of sunshine a year. Generally, the north is hot and tropical, while the south tends to be subtropical and temperate. Most of the rainfall is around the coast, and many centers are arid and semi-arid regions. Daytime maximum temperatures in Darwin are rarely lower than 30 °C (86 °F), even in winter, while nighttime temperatures in winter often fluctuate around 15-20 °C (59-68 °F). F). Temperatures in some southern areas can drop below freezing in winter, and the Snowy Mountains in the Southeast experience many meters of winter snow. Areas of Tasmania have a similar temperature range as England.

Because Australia is located in the Southern Hemisphere winter is June-August while December-February is summer. Winter is the dry season in the tropics, and summer is wet. In the South of the country, the seasonal temperature variation is large. Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year in the southern part of the East Coast, while in the rest of the South beyond the Great Dividing Mountains, summers are dry with large amounts of precipitation occurring. in winter.

History

The continent of Australia was first settled more than 50,000 years ago with successive waves of migration of Aboriginal peoples from South and Southeast Asia. With sea levels rising after the last glaciation, Australia became largely isolated from the rest of the world and Aboriginal tribes developed a wide range of cultures, based on a quintessential relationship. God is close to land and nature, and kinship extended. Australia's Aboriginal people maintain a millennia-old hunter-gatherer culture associated with a complex artistic and cultural life - including a rich tradition of 'storytelling'. Exact timing of people Australian residency is still a topic for researchers. There is strong scientific evidence to confirm the presence of humans about 50,000 years ago, a period of extensive ecological upheaval believed to correspond to human invasion. However, there is also speculation that humans arrived in this land much earlier, as much as 100,000 years ago or so. The first Australians were distant ancestors of Aboriginal Australians, and arrived in Australia via land bridges or by sea from present-day Southeast Asia.

The sharing of flora and fauna between the neighboring regions of Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Papua and the islands Indonesia nearby shows that land bridges existed in the past, and they were closed as sea levels rose. The traditional historical movement of inhabitants between these regions in rudimentary sailing ships for trade and fishing suggests it is likely that Arab and Chinese merchants to the northern islands, knew and then to the southern coasts of the continent in the 9th century. Maps drawn at Europe from the late 1400s showing portions of the coastline.

People Europe This land was discovered in 1522 by the Portuguese explorer Cristóvão de Mendonça, but it was not until the 17th century that the island continent became a target for human exploration. Europe, of which several journeys have seen Terra Australis: human explorer Netherlands Willem Jansz (1606), Portuguese explorer Luis Vaez de Torres while serving in Spain (1607), and human explorers Netherlands Jan Carstensz (1623), Dirk Hartog and Abel Tasman (1642) were given the name Tasmania, but he himself named it after Anthoonij van Diemenslandt.

The first English explorers were Willem Dampier on the west coast of the continent in 1688, and Captain James Cook, who in 1770 claimed the eastern two-thirds of the continent to the sovereignty of Great Britain in defiance of the projections. order from King George III to initially conclude a treaty with the natives. His report to London stated that Australia was uninhabited (see Terra nullius) which prompted the establishment of a colony of exile there following the loss of the American colonies.

The British royal colony (a colony directly ruled by England) of New South Wales began with the establishment of the settlement (later to become Sydney) at Port Jackson by Colonel Arthur Phillip on 26 January. 1788. The day this first train (the First Fleet) landed later became Australia's National Day.

The land of Van Diemen (now Tasmania) was inhabited in 1803, and became a separate colony in 1825. The rest of the continent, present-day Western Australia, was officially claimed by the Crown. Britain in 1829. Following the expansion of British settlement, separate colonies were created from parts of New South Wales: South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851 and Queensland in 1859. was established, as part of the colony of South Australia, in 1863.

During the period 1855-1890, the 6 royal colonies in turn became autonomous colonies, ie managing their own affairs. English law was successively used at the time of self-governance, and subsequently changed by the regional legislature. The British government still retains control of a number of issues, especially foreign affairs, defense, international shipping. Despite having a significantly rural-based economy, Australia is rapidly urbanizing, most centered around the cities of Melbourne and Sydney. In the 1880s "Marvellous Melbourne" was the second largest city in the British Empire. Australia has also earned the title of "worker's paradise" and is a testing ground for social reform, with its first secret ballot and the world's first Labor government.

On 1 January 1901, the confederation of colonies was completed after a 10-year gestation period, and the Commonwealth of Australia was born as a territory of the British Empire. The capital city of Santorini (Greek: Σαντορίνη, pronounced [sadoˈrini]), classically Thera (/ˈθɪrə/), and officially Thira (Greek: Θήρα [ˈθira]), is an island in the Mediterranean region. south of the Aegean Sea, located 200 km (120 mi) southeast of mainland Greece. It is the largest of a small, circular archipelago of the same name and is the remnant of a crater. It is the southernmost member of the Cyclades island group, with an area of ​​approximately 73 km² (28 sq mi) and a 2001 census population of 13,670. The municipality of Santorini includes the inhabited islands of Santorini and Therasia and the uninhabited islands of Nea Kameni, Palaia Kameni, Aspronisi, and Christiana. The total area of ​​the municipality is 90,623 km² (34,990 sq mi). Santorini was part of the Thira Australian unit that was separated from New South Wales in 1911, forming a neutral site for the new federal capital, Canberra (the original capital was Melbourne). Although Australia had become independent in many ways, the British government retained some power until the 1931 Statute of Westminster was ratified by Australia in 1942, and some theoretical power of the British parliament over state-by-state did not come to a complete end until the passage of the Australia Act 1986. The original constitution allowed the federal government to make laws relating to any people, except Aboriginal people. In 1967, more than 90% of the voters voted in a referendum to allow the federal government to pass laws protecting Aboriginal people and counting them in the census.

Economy

Australia has a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy, with GDP per capita on par with the four dominant Western European economies.

Service industries, including tourism, education and financial services, make up the majority of Australia's Gross Domestic Product - around 69%. In the services sector, tourism is one of the most important industries in Australia, as it provides jobs, contributes $73 billion to the economy each year and accounts for at least 11% of total exports.

Key industries - mining and agriculture - make up the majority of Australia's exports. Iron ore and coal are by far the largest exports, with wheat, beef and wool less important. Australia has a comprehensive social security system, and a higher minimum wage than the US or England. Traders are extremely well paid in Australia, more often than professionals.

Politic

The Commonwealth of Australia is a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom also Queen of Australia, a role separate and separate from her status as Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. , and is widely accepted as the head of state, although not covered by the Australian constitution and legislation. The Queen is nominally represented by the Governor-General, but in practice the Governor-General performs a constitutional role virtually independent of the Queen. Under the Australian Constitution, the Queen's role is almost entirely ceremonial. Although the constitution theoretically grants extensive executive powers to the Governor-General, these powers are rarely used directly, and have traditionally been exercised only when advised by the cabinet. The Cabinet is composed of senior government ministers and is appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister. The most notable instance when the Governor-General of Australia used his reserve powers outside of the direction of the Prime Minister was the dissolution of Whitlam's government during the Constitutional Crisis of 1975.

Cultural

Since 1788, the mainstay of Australian culture has been Anglo-Celtic, although the country's idiosyncrasies soon emerged from the natural environment and Aboriginal culture. By the mid-20th century, Australian culture was strongly influenced by American popular culture, mainly television and film, by neighboring countries, and by a large proportion of immigrants from non-speaking countries. English.

Australian visual art is believed to have originated from Aboriginal cave paintings and tree bark paintings. The identity of Indigenous Australians is largely handed down through oral tradition, associated with rituals and telling stories about Dreamtime (Australian Aboriginal people consider this to be the time when their ancestors created the land and created the water. , creating all species and laws). Indigenous music, dance and art have an impact on contemporary Australian visual and performing arts. Since people Europe Once settled here, the main theme in Australian painting is the natural landscape, which can be seen in the works of Albert Namatjira, Arthur Streeton and other artists who studied at the Heidelberg School and Arthur Boyd. Artists influenced by modern American painting and Europe including cubist painter Grace Crowley, surrealist James Gleeson, abstract impressionist Brett Whiteley and pop art Martin Sharp. The National Gallery of Australia and other state galleries maintain extensive collections of Australian and foreign paintings. From the early years of the 20th century until now, the Australian landscape has remained the main source of inspiration for artists. This is clearly seen in the acclaimed works of artists such as Sidney Nolan, Grace Cossington Smith, Fred Williams, Sydney Long, and Clifton Pugh.

States and territories

Islands

• Lord Howe Island - 2 hours flight from Sydney, with residential community and developed facilities. (part of New South Wales)
• Norfolk Island - direct flights from the East Coast, and from Auckland. There are residential communities and developed facilities.
• Christmas Island - famous for red crab migration. Flights from Perth and Kuala Lumpur, with developed utility facilities.
• Cocos Islands - The atolls, inhabited, by plane from Perth, with several tourist facilities.
• Islands Torres Strait - between Cape York and Papua New Guinea, most islands have some visitor amenities but require permission to visit from traditional owners. Flights from Cairns.
• The islands of Ashmore and Cartier - uninhabited with no developed tourist facilities.
• Coral sea islands - mostly uninhabited, uninhabited without developed tourist facilities.
• Heard Island and McDonald Islands - uninhabited island more than 4000 km from mainland Australia.
• Macquarie Island - An Australian Antarctic base, midway to Antarctica. There are no visitor facilities.
• Rottnest Island Rottnest Island, located off the coast of Western Australia, is a Grade A protected area, with 63 beaches and 20 coves that are very popular with tourists.

City

• Canberra — the city built as the capital of Australia
• Adelaide — city of Catholic churches, a South Australian alternative to the great eastern cities
• Brisbane — the capital of Queensland is sunny and the gateway to beautiful sands
• Cairns — gateway to the Great Barrier Reef, Port Douglas, Daintree National Park, and many beautiful beaches, beautiful resorts.
• Darwin — the capital of tropical northern Australia, at the last tip of the Northern Territory
• Hobart — the picturesque and tranquil capital of Tasmania, home to the second crime settlement in Australia
• Melbourne — Australia's second largest city, Melbourne is a major shopping, sporting and cultural capital; the city is considered to have style Europe Australia's best.
• Perth — the most remote continental capital city on Earth, on the southwestern edge of Western Australia
• Sydney — the oldest and largest city in Australia, famous for its harbour, opera house and bridge

Arrive

Visa

All visitors - except citizens of New Zealand - require a pre-entry tourist visa. If you are visiting for a stay of no more than three months, there are three types of visas you can apply for. , depending on your nationality. Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) Subclass 976 is available online for citizens of Brunei, Canada, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea (South Korea) and USA. A service fee of $20 applies. This fee can be waived if you obtain your ETA through a travel agent or airline.

Tourist visa (subclass 676). Passport holders of 55 countries, including all eVisitor-eligible ETAs and countries, and Argentina, Bahrain, Brazil, Chile, Croatia, Kuwait, Maldives, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and UAE can make online applications. Other nationalities must apply using the paper form, and may need to visit an embassy or visa processing center.

Like ETA and eVisitor, a 676 visa is by default issued for a stay of 3 months. However, unlike other options, the 676 visa can be granted for a stay up to one year long. That said, immigration authorities are somewhat reluctant to approve tourist visas for more than three months, regardless of good reason for staying so long. You will probably be asked to provide some documents proving the reason for your visit and your relationship with your home country and may need to attend an interview. Depending on your nationality, the processing center or visa embassy may also require you to have an Australian sponsor before a visa can be issued. The fee is $110. ETAs and eVisitors are valid multiple times over a 12-month period. If you qualify for either, it may be easier to stay for the three months you are initially allowed, going to New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand or some other country accessible by a low cost airline for a few days and back - restart the clock 90 days. However, repeating this more than once, can make immigration authorities suspicious, so proceed with caution if you pursue this route. From 23 March 2013, subclasses The 676 and 976 visas will be replaced by Visitor (class 600) and ETA (class 601) respectively. In most cases, Electronic Travel Authorities and eVisitors are approved immediately and visas are issued and available for immediate use. If further requests are required you may be asked to return to the application system later to see if you have been approved. In the worst case your application may be redirected for manual testing which can take several weeks.

If you are visiting Australia for work, study or medical treatment, you will need to obtain the appropriate visa. If you are staying longer than 3 consecutive months you are not eligible for an ETA or eVisitor, and should apply for a tourist visa (subclass 676).

For all tourist visa categories, you must be able to demonstrate your ability to financially support yourself for the time you intend to spend within Australia and meet character requirements. If you have a criminal record contact the Australian Embassy or visa processing center before applying or making travel arrangements.

All fees are payable in Australian dollars, converted to local currency at the current exchange rate.

If you are transiting through Australia, remain airside for up to 8 hours, can book onward confirmation, have correct documentation for onward purposes and are a citizen of New Zealand, Union Europe, Andorra, Argentina, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Iceland, Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, Liechtenstein, Malaysia, Mexico, Monaco, Nauru, Norway, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, South Africa, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Samoa, San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom (regardless of nationality status), USA, Vanuatu or Vatican City, you do not need to apply for any visas in advance. All other passengers who transit through Australia must apply for the free Transit Visa fee (subclass 771) prior to departure.

New Zealand citizens can travel to and work in Australia for any length of time without a pre-arranged visa. Not being a permanent resident of New Zealand is not eligible for visa-free entry. New Zealand citizens may still be denied entry on the basis of criminal convictions or HIV infection, and should seek advice before leaving.

When leaving Australia there is a search form similar to filling in as the one you get when entering. There, they ask among other things how long you have stayed in Australia, including the state, where you are going and surprisingly also your current occupation.

Quarantine

Australia has strict quarantine requirements for the import of products of animal and plant origin (any food, wood products, seeds, etc.). You must declare all items and baggage that are regularly scanned and can be inspected by dogs. You can be fined $220 on the spot if you don't report, or even prosecuted in very serious cases. The claim document will be examined and, depending on the circumstances, may be withheld, processed, returned to you, or disposed of by quarantine at your expense. (You can select items at a later time.)

Certain shells, corals, and items made from a protected species are also prohibited to discourage trade in items that may originate from a threatened species or ecosystem.

Commercially processed and stamped foods (chocolate, cookies, etc.) are generally permitted. From November 2012, the arrivals card has been revised to reflect this, i.e. more than "food of any kind", only "meat, poultry, fish, seafood, eggs, dairy" , fruit, vegetable" must be declared.

While there is no limit to the amount of money that can be brought in or out of Australia, Australian customs also requires you to declare if you are carrying A$10,000 or more in or out of the country and you will be requires completing some paperwork.

Planes

Australia is a long way from the other continents of the world, so for most visitors, the only practical way to get to Australia is by air.

About half of all international visitors to Australiac arrive in Sydney first, Sydney Airport (IATA code: SYD; ICAO code: YSSY). Besides Sydney, a large number of visitors also visit Australia in Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth. There are also non-stop international routes to Adelaide, Cairns, Darwin, the Gold Coast and Christmas Island although these are mostly limited to flights from New Zealand, Oceania, or Southeast Asia.

It takes 3 hours to Sydney from New Zealand, a 7-11 hour flight from countries in Asia, a 14 hour flight from the western US and Canada, a 14 hour flight from Johannesburg, a 13 -16 hour flight from South America, and to a 24-hour flight from the West Europe. Do thời gian hành trình dài từ một số các điểm đến, một số du khách từ châu Âu lựa chọn ddiemr dừng, thường ở Singapore, Hồng Kông, Dubai, Bangkok nice Kuala Lumpur.

Nếu bạn có thay đổi sang một chuyến bay nội địa trong một thành phố cửa ngõ, Sydney, Brisbane và Perth đều có nhà ga trong nước riêng biệt, đòi hỏi một thời gian và phức tạp để vận chuyển, kiểm tra hướng dẫn. Melbourne, Adelaide, Darwin, Cairns và Gold Coast có tất cả các cửa trong xây dựng một thiết bị đầu cuối hoặc trong khoảng cách đi bộ của nhau.

Các hãng hàng không giảm giá

Một số tuyến đường vào Úc được điều hành bởi các hãng hàng không giảm giá. Những thường có thể được kết hợp với giá vé khác để nhận được đến Úc rẻ hơn. Chọn quan điểm của bạn nhập cảnh và xuất cảnh để cung cấp cho bạn một chuyến đi vòng quanh rẻ hơn, và có thể một số cơ hội dừng chân thú vị trên đường đi.

• AirAsia X, bay vào Gold Coast, Melbourne, Sydney và Perth từ Kuala Lumpur, giá vé thường giảm giá sâu. Bạn có thể tiết kiệm tiền từ châu Âu nếu có một điểm dừng chân trong Malaysia. Đôi khi điều này là có thể bởi cũng dừng lại ở Bangkok.
• AirAsia Indonesia bay vào Perth từ Denpasar, Indonesia
• Scoot bay từ Singapore đến Sydney và Gold Coast.
• Tiger Airways bay từ Singapore đến Perth.
• Jetstar Airways fly to Hawaii, Nadi, New Zealand và các điểm đến châu Á, bao gồm Singapore, Denpasar, Bangkok, Osaka, Tokyo, Jakarta, Hanoi and Phuket. Các chuyến bay quốc tế của Jetstar hoạt động trở lại Perth, Darwin, Cairns, Gold Coast, Sydney và Melbourne. Công ty con của hãng hàng không châu Á cũng điều hành một mạng lưới rộng lớn trên khắp Đông Nam Á từ một trụ sở tại Singapore.
• Virgin Australia - không còn được coi là một tàu sân bay chi phí thấp, nhưng vẫn có doanh thu thường xuyên để cạnh tranh với các hãng hàng không giảm giá đối thủ. Các hãng hàng không bay đến Denpasar, Phuket, đảo Christmas, Abu Dhabi, New Zealand, Tonga, Nadi, Apia and Los Angeles.

Ships

Go

Language

Mọi người dân Úc đều nói tiếng Anh. Nói chung chỉ những người Úc nói tiếng Anh không lưu loát là những người di cư như khi đã lớn tuổi.

Không có ngôn ngữ thứ hai chung duy nhất. Khá hiếm để tìm thấy bảng hiệu trong một ngôn ngữ thứ hai, ngoại trừ trong các khu đô thị với dân số cao của những người nhập cư châu Á và học sinh, bảng hiệu và thực đơn bằng tiếng Việt và tiếng Trung Quốc là rất phổ biến, và cũng xung quanh Cairns ở vùng nhiệt đới Queensland, nơi một số bảng hiệu (nhưng không có bảng hiệu đường bộ) được viết bằng tiếng Nhật, do số lượng lớn khách du lịch Nhật Bản. Một số dấu hiệu cảnh báo tại các bãi biển được viết bằng nhiều thứ tiếng.Người Úc thường không nói được một ngôn ngữ thứ hai trôi chảy, trừ khi họ là một phần của một gia đình nhập cư gần đây. Do Úc có một số lượng lớn người nhập cư, có một số ngôn ngữ dân tộc thiểu số nói bởi một số lượng khá lớn của Úc bao gồm (nhưng không giới hạn) tiếng Ả Rập, tiếng Quan Thoại, tiếng Quảng Đông, tiếng Đức, Ý, Ba Lan và Hy Lạp. Trong Chinatowns của Úc tại Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane và Perth, tiếng Quảng Đông là ngôn ngữ chính.

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