Turkey - Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ

Turkey
Location
LocationTurkey.png
Ensign
Flag of Turkey.svg
Basic information
CapitalAnkara
GovermentParliamentary Republic
CurrencyTurk Lirası/Turkish Lira (TRY)
Areatotal: 783,562 km2
country: 13,930 km2
soil: 769,632 km2
Population73,193,000 (2006 estimate)
LanguageTurkey (official); kurdish, Zaza, Arabic, Azeri, Laz
ReligionMuslim majority (Sunni majority and Alevi minority) with a small community of East Rite Catholics, Jews, agnostics, and atheists
Power system220V/50Hz (European socket)
Phone number 90
Internet TLD.NS
time zoneUTC 2

Turkey current national name is Republic of Turkey, is a country located on the whole Eurasian continent, the main territory in the Anatolian peninsula in the southwest Asia, a small area in the southeastern Balkan region Europe.

overview

Turkey shares a border with: Bulgarian in the northwest; Greek West; Georgia, Armenia and part Nakhichevan belong to Azerbaijani in the northeast; Iran East; Iraq and Syria to the southeast. In addition, the country shares a border with the Black Sea to the north; The Aegae Sea and the Sea of ​​Marmara to the west; Southern Mediterranean. The name "Turkey" in Vietnamese is derived from "土耳其", the Chinese translation of the Turkish national name.

The Republic of Turkey is a democratic, constitutionally non-religious republic. Their political system has been established since 1923. Turkey is a member of the United Nations, NATO, OSCE, OECD, OIC, Community Europe and is negotiating to join the Alliance Europe. Because of the strategic location in the middle Europe and Asia and between the three seas, Turkey was once a crossroads between economic centers, and the birthplace and site of battles between great civilizations.

History

Because of its strategic location at the crossroads between Asia and Europe, Anatolia has been the cradle of many civilizations since prehistoric times, Neolithic settlements such as Çatalhöyük (Pottery Neolithic), Çayönü (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A to Pottery Neolithic), Nevali Cori (Pre-Pottery) Neolithic B), Hacilar (Pottery Neolithic), Göbekli Tepe (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A) and Mersin. The settlement of Troy began in the Neolithic and lasted into the Iron Age. In historical records, the Anatolians used Indo-European, Semitic, and Kartvelian languages ​​as well as many other undetermined branch languages. In fact, given the age of the Hittite and Luwian languages ​​in the Indo-European family, some scholars have suggested that Anatolian might have been a center from which the Indo-European languages ​​evolved. . Other authors suggest that the Etruscans of Old Italy were descended from Anatolia. And the peoples who settled or conquered Anatolia included the Phrygias, the Hittites, the Lydians, the Lycians, the Mushkis, the Kurds, the Cimmerians, the Armenians, the Persians, the Tabals, the Greeks. The Turks conquered Anatolia in the Seljuk dynasty at the Battle of Manzikert and the rise of the Great Seljuk Empire in the 11th century ended with the rise of the Ottoman Empire. During the 16th and 17th centuries, at the height of its power, the Ottoman Empire occupied Anatolia, North Africa, the Middle East, Southeast and Eastern Europe, and the Caucasus.

However, from the 13th to the 20th century, Turkey was at war with Austria, Montenegro, Greece, Armenia, Georgia, France, Bulgaria, Serbia, Great Britain and especially Russia. The Russo-Turkish Wars took a heavy toll on Turkey, even though they were repeatedly crushed by Russia. In addition, they caused other wars in history such as the Greco-Turkish War, the Turkish-Armenian War, the Anglo-Turkish War, etc.

After years of decline, the Ottoman Empire entered World War I as an ally of Germany in 1914, completely defeated and occupied. The Western powers sought to subdivide the empire through the Treaty of Treatment (see Rise of Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire). With Allied support, Greece captured İzmir as stipulated in the Treaty.

On 19 May 1919 this event spurred the formation of a national movement under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who rose to prominence from the Gallipoli Campaign. Kemal Pasha sought to rescind the terms of the treaty signed by sultan Mehmed VI in Istanbul, which mobilized all sectors of Turkish society to engage in what would become the War of Independence. established Turkey (Turkish: Kurtuluş Savaşı).


Mustafa Kemal Atatürk - Founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey On December 18, 1922 the occupying army had to withdraw and the country was liberated. On November 1, 1922, the Turkish Parliament officially abolished the Ottoman sultan title, and also ended the 631 years of Ottoman rule. In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne recognized the sovereignty of the new Turkish Republic, Kemal was given the honorific name Atatürk (meaning "Father of the Turks") by Parliament and would become the first President of the Republic. Atatürk carried out many sweeping reforms with the goal of modernizing the country and removing old ruins from the Ottoman past.

Turkey entered World War II with the Allies at the end of the war and became a member of the United Nations. The difficulties faced by Greece in quelling a communist insurgency and the Soviet Union's demand for military bases in the Turkish Strait led the United States to declare the Doctrine. Truman in 1947. This doctrine set forth American goals to ensure the security of Turkey and Greece, and subsequently to large-scale economic and military aid from the United States to the two countries.

After engaging with United Nations forces in the Korean conflict, the year Turkey joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Turkey intervened and militarily attacked Cyprus in July 1974 in retaliation for a coup d'etat carried out by Greece's EOKA-B. The de facto independence of Northern Cyprus is not officially recognized by any country except Turkey itself.

The period of the 1970s and 1980s was marked by instability and rapid political change, but also periods of economic development. A series of economic shocks led to a new election in 2002, which brought the conservative Justice and Development Party led by former Istanbul mayor Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to power. In October 2005, the European Union began accession negotiations with Ankara and therefore Turkey is now a candidate to join the European Union.

Geography

The territory of Turkey extends from 36° to 42° North and from 26° to 45° East in Eurasia. The country is roughly rectangular and 1,660 kilometers (1,031 mi) wide. The area of ​​Turkey excluding lakes is 814,578 square kilometers (314,510 sq mi), of which 790,200 square kilometers (305,098 sq mi) is in the Anatolian peninsula (also called Asia Minor) in Asia, and 3% or 24,378 square kilometers (9,412 sq mi) located in Europe. Many geographers consider Turkey politically European, even though it is rather a transcontinental country between Asia and Europe. Turkey's land borders total 2,573 kilometers (1,599 miles), and its coastline (including islands) totals 8,333 kilometers (5,178 miles).

Generally, Turkey is divided into seven regions: Marmara, Ege, Mediterranean, Central Anatolia, East Anatolia, Southeast Anatolia and the Black Sea region. The uneven land north of Anatolia runs along the Black Sea in a long, narrow strip. This region occupies about 1/6 of the total land area of ​​Turkey. As a general trend, the highlands inside Anatolia gradually become more hilly as you go east.

Turkey forms a bridge between Europe and Asia, with the line dividing the two continents running from the Black Sea (Karadeniz) from the north down along the Bosporus Strait (Istanbul Boğazı) through the Strait of Marmara (Marmara Denizi). and the Dardanelles (Çanakkale Boğazı) to the Ege Sea (Ege Denizi) and the Mediterranean Sea (Akdeniz) to the south. The Anatolian Peninsula or Anatolia (Anadolu) consists of a high-altitude plateau with narrow coastal plains, located between Köroğlu and the East Black Sea Mountains in the north and the Taurus Range (Toros Dağları) in the south. The east is more mountainous, the source of many rivers such as the Euphrates (Fırat), Tigris (Dicle) and Araks (Aras), as well as Lake Van (Van Gölü) and Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağı), the high point. The tallest in Turkey is 5,137 meters (16,853 ft) tall.

Turkey is also the site of many strong earthquakes. The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles stand on a fault line that runs through Turkey, leading to the formation of the Black Sea. There is an earthquake line that runs across the north of the country from west to east. In the last century, there have been many earthquakes along this fault line, the magnitude and location of the earthquakes can be observed in the image of Fault Lines and Earthquakes. This image also includes a small scale map showing other fault lines in Turkey.

Turkey's climate is temperate Mediterranean, with hot and dry summers and cold, wet and mild winters, although weather conditions can be more severe in the arid interior regions.

Region

Turkey regions map.png
Turkey Aegean
Greek and Roman ruins between blue sea on one side and olive grove on the other
Black Sea Turkey
The mountains have many forests suitable for outdoor sports such as trekking and rafting
Central Anatolia
The central steppe is poor, with its capital, Hittite ruins, and Phrygia and Cappadocia ruins like the moon.
East Anatolia
The east is mountainous and high with harsh winters
Marmara . region
The most urbanized area with Byzantine and Ottoman structures in one of the country's largest cities
Mediterranean Turkey
The pine forest-covered mountains rise right from the shore in crystal
Southeast Anatolia
The extreme part of the Middle East is semi-desert of the country

City

  • Istanbul - A city with a long history, once the capital of many dynasties and a city located on 2 continents Asia and Europe.
  • Ankara - the capital of Turkey
  • Antalya — fastest growing city, hub of a wide range of resorts
  • Bodrum — coastal city in the South Aegea is a busy city during peak tourist season when it serves as a playground for international and Turkish tourists, has a citadel, Roman ruins, trendy clubs and some of the villages around the peninsula all have a different character from chic to rustic
  • Edirne — second capital of the Ottoman Empire
  • Izmir — 3rd largest city in Turkey
  • Konya — a rather large city the heart of the Sufi mystic order, home to Rumi's tomb, and with some elegant Seljuq architecture, all surrounded by vast steppes
  • Trabzon — The wonderful Sumela Monastery is located just outside the city and it is a great gateway to explore Northeast Turkey*
  • Urfa — a magical city with beautiful architecture and friendly locals at the East Gate of the World, where Kurds, Arabs, Persians and cultures mingle.

Other destinations

Arrive

  • Vietnam: Ordinary passport holders need a visa to enter Turkey. Officials passport holders are exempted from visa for up to 90 days. Other countries, see [1].

Citizens of the following countries can obtain a multiple-entry visa, which is stamped on their passports at any point of entry in Turkey for a visa fee. [2]:

Visa duration for three months:

Deadline for 2 months:

  • Belarus (US$20 / €15)
  • Russia (No visa required according to the bilateral agreement between the two countries)

One month period:

(NOTE: Payments in Pounds Sterling must be in Bank of England £10 notes ONLY. No Scottish or Northern Irish notes and no other values ​​of notes, i.e. £5 or £20)

Nationals of the countries/territories listed below can enter Turkey visa-free for 90 days unless otherwise stated. [3]:

Albania, Andorra, Argentina, Azerbaijani (30 days), Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (60 days), Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Chile, Costa Rica (30 days), Croatia, Czech Republic, Northern Cyprus (Turkish republic of), Denmark, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonian, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Iceland, Hong Kong (SAR Passport), Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan (30 days), Kosovo, Kyrgyz (30 days), Latvia (30 days), Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau (30 days), Macedonia (60 days), Malaysia, Moldova (30 days), Monaco, Mongolia (30 days), Montenegro, Morocco, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Singapore, Slovenia, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan (30 days), Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan (30 days), Uruguay, Uzbekistan (30 days), Vatican City and Venezuela.

German citizens do not need a 90-day residence visa and can even enter with a national identity card (Personalausweis) or expired passport/ID unless arriving at non-Council of Europe land border crossings (i.e. from Iran, Iraq and Syria). [4]


By air

  • Atatürk Istanbul International Airport - is the busiest airport in Turkey in Istanbul.
  • Sabiha Gökçen International Airport - is the second international airport in Istanbul, located in the northeast of this city.
  • Esenboğa International Airport - airport located in Ankara.

By train

You can still go from Europe to Turkey by train, today travel by this means of historical interest or romance, not how fast or practical it is. Orient Express famous from London now don't go any further Vien, but you can take the train every day TransBalkan from Budapest (Hungary) through the Bucharest (Romania), a two-night journey with a scheduled 3-hour stop in Bucharest. 1st and 2nd class sleepers and recliners are available, but the train does not have a dining car so you should bring plenty of food. From/to Greece station there are two daily train lines, from Istanbul to the border station of Pythion every morning and from Istanbul to Thessaloniki Every night. (Due to budget cuts by the Greek government, train services to/from Greece have been suspended indefinitely since February 13, 2011.) There is also a daily train to Istanbul from Sofia (Bulgaria).

From Middle East, also has a weekly train line from Tabriz and Iran in Iran to Literature and Istanbul, through the Ankara. (Due to rail renewal, for at least two years, from February 2012 on, Istanbul's Asia station will not receive service. Thus, the western terminus of the Trans-Asia Express, which provides services between Iran and Turkey, has been moved to Ankara..) While live Istanbul-Damascus service has been discontinued for a while now, there are still once or twice weekly trains between cities south of Mersin, Adana and Gaziantep and Syria n city of Aleppo. There has also been a train connecting Gaziantep with Mosul in Iraq, but it was suspended shortly after it was inaugurated and is unlikely to return to service, at least for the foreseeable future.

An inexpensive way of traveling to or from Turkey can be by train Balkan Flexipass.

By car

By bus

By boat

Go

Language

The only official language of Turkey is Turkish. Turkish is an Altaic language and its closest relatives are other Turkic languages, spoken in southwestern, central, northern Asia, and to a lesser extent by significant community in the Balkans. Since Turkish is a sticky language, native speakers of Indo-European languages ​​in general find it difficult to learn. Since 1928, Turkish has been written in a variant of the Latin alphabet (after centuries of using an Arabic language, evident in many historical and textual texts) with the addition of ç. /Ç, ğ/Ğ, ı, İ, ö/Ö, ş/Ş and ü/Ü, and with the exclusions of Q, W and X.

Kurdish is also spoken by an estimated 7-10% of the population. Several other languages ​​exist, such as Laz in the Northeast (also spoken in near Georgia), and in people living near the border who are also frequently spoken languages ​​on the other side, like Arabic in Southeast region.

Thanks to migration, even in rural areas most villages will have at least one person who has worked in Germany and can therefore speak German. The same goes for other Western European languages ​​like Dutch (often mistakenly called "Flemish" there) or French. Recent immigration from the Balkans means that there is also a possibility of encountering Serb-Croatian, Bulgarian, Albanian speakers and speakers of these languages ​​mainly in the major cities of western Turkey, but not counted here. English is also increasingly popular among the younger generation.

Shopping

Expense

Food

Turkish cuisine combines Mediterranean, Central Asian, Caucasian, and Arabic influences, and is incredibly rich. Beef is the most important meat (lamb is also common but pork is hard to find although not illegal), and eggplant (eggplant), onions, lentils, beans, tomatoes , garlic, and cucumbers are the main vegetables. An abundance of spices is also used. The main food crops are rice (pilav), bulgur wheat and bread, and the dish is usually cooked in vegetable oil or sometimes butter.

There are many types of specialty restaurants to choose from. Traditional Turkish restaurant serving daily meals prepared and stored in a bain-marie. Meals are available with menus located at the entrance so you can easily see and choose. Kebapçis is a restaurant specializing in grilled meats. Some kebab restaurants serve alcohol while others do not. There are subgroups such as ciğerci, Adana kebapçısı or Iskender kebapçısı. Fish restaurants often serve Mèze (cold olive oil dishes) and Raki or wine. Donerci's is popular throughout the country and serves Doner Kebap as a fast food. Köfeci of restaurants with meatballs (Köfte) served as the main dish. Kokoreçci, midyeci, tantunici, mantıcı, gözlemeci, lahmacuncu, pideci, CIG köfteci, etsiz CIG köfteci are the types of local restaurants found in Turkey that specialize in a particular type of food.

A full Turkish meal at a kebab restaurant starts with a soup, regular lentil soup (mercimek çorbasi), and a set of Mèze appetizers consisting of olives, cheese, pickles and a variety of other dishes. small dishes. Mèze can easily be made into a full meal, especially if it is served with Raki. The main course is usually meat: one of the most popular and best Turkish dishes exported to other countries kebab (Kebap), grilled meat in various forms including the famous Doner Kebap (slices). thin slices of meat shaved from a giant rotisserie) and şişkebab (meat skewers), and many others. Köfte (meatballs) is a variation of barbecue. There are hundreds of types of köfte throughout Anatolia, but only about 10 to 12 of them are known to be residents of the major cities, kike İnegöl köfte, Dalyan köfte, Sulu köfte etc.

Cheap eats are mainly kebab stalls, which can be found everywhere in Istanbul, other major cities. For the equivalent of a few bucks, you get a full loaf of middle-sliced ​​bread with grilled meat, lettuce, onions, and tomatoes.

Drinks

Accommodation

Learn

Do

Safe

Medical

To respect

Contact

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