 Court of Ramses ’II in the Luxor Temple | ||
| Thebes · Θῆβαι · طيبة | ||
| Governorate | Luxor | |
|---|---|---|
| height | 78 m | |
no tourist info on Wikidata:  | ||
| location | ||
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The ancient egyptian city Thebes was in Upper Egypt on both sides of the Nils in the area of the modern city Luxor. On the east bank was the residential town with its temples, palaces and administrative buildings as well as on the West bank the city's sprawling cemetery. The city must have been so impressive that it was Homer in its Iliad called hundred-goal. Despite the destruction of the city in 652 BC. By the Assyrians under Ashurbanipal and later again by the Persians, the remaining monuments, temples and tombs, are still gigantic. The monuments of ancient Thebes belong to Egypt Unesco world heritage sites.
Regions
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- 1 Thebes West - Here are several villages and the cemeteries of ancient Thebes, so that 2 Valley of the Kings, the 3 Valley of the Queens including the associated so-called million year houses, these are the mortuary temples of the deceased kings, such as B. that 4 Ramesseum and 5 Madīnat Hābū, extensive cemeteries of the noble civil service in the area of the village 1 esch-Sheikh ʿAbd el-Qurna and the city of the former cemetery workers, Deir el-Madina.
places
In the area of ancient Thebes there are the following places on the east bank:
- 2 Luxor - Capital of the governorate with numerous hotels. In the middle of the city are the Temple of Amun and the Luxor Museum, an important archaeological collection.
- 3 Karnak - Village just north of the city of Luxor. Here is Egypt's largest and most important temple complex, the Temple of Karnak.
background
The modern one Surname Thebes, Greek: Θῆβαι (Thēbai), Arabic:طيبة, Ṭība, first comes from the Greeks. In ancient Egyptian times the city was called Waset (w3st), [City] of What-Zepters, or Niut (nwt), the town. The Greek name probably has a reference to that from the Coptic handed down Djeme, today's Madīnat Hābū. The city of Thebes was divided into two parts: on the east bank of the Nile was the residential city, on the west bank the city of the dead.
Already in prehistoric times there was in the area of the village eṭ-Ṭārif Settlements of hunters and gatherers. A Polish research team led by Bolesław Ginter found 1978-1982 in the area of two brick masts from the 4th / 5th. Dynasty several thousand flint tools and artefacts and several thousand ceramic shards that date back to the 6th millennium BC. Go back BC.[1] The mastabas already mentioned, which are bank graves, were uncovered and researched by Dieter Arnold in 1970–1974.[2] They are among the earliest grave complexes in Thebes. In the Old Kingdom Thebes and the Theban Gau only played a subordinate role and were overshadowed by Nechen / Hierakonpolis (Kab) in the south and Koptos (Qifṭ) in the North.
After this The fall of the Old Kingdom Theban princes of the 11th dynasty succeeded in expanding their sphere of influence considerably, first in the south of the country. The king Mentuhotep II. succeeded between his 30th to 39th year in government, also to achieve rule over the northern districts and is therefore rightly regarded as the unifier and founder of the Middle Kingdom. The vizier and later king Amenemhet I. overthrew the ruling house of the Mentuhoteps, thus establishing the 12th dynasty and relocating the imperial capital Itj-taui near today's Blinks. To the childless rulers Amenemhet IV and queen Nofrusobek a period of turmoil followed. The central state disintegrated again during this so-called Second Intermediate Period. The Hyksos, who had been living in the north for a long time, took power over northern Egypt. Their sphere of influence extended roughly to Thebes.
The Theban princes of the 17th Dynasty, so i.a. Kamose and his brother Ahmose, took up the fight against the rule of Hyksos and were able to win it. Ahmose's son, Amenhotep I., now ruled over a united country again. in the New Kingdom, whose founder was Amenhotep I, Egypt flourished again. The state capital is now after Thebes, today's Luxor, relocated. Numerous testimonies such as palaces were created here, temples were built or expanded and of course graves were laid. The religious center remained in Memphis.
In the Third Intermediate Period Egypt is ruled by different royal houses, which their capital z. B. to Memphis, Tanis and Bubastis, Herakleopolis Magna, Hermopolis Magna and Leontopolis relocated. In the 25th Dynasty invaded nubian (Cushitic) rulers to Egypt. As a result, Thebes became the institution of Consort of Amun set up. The wife of God, a princess from the royal family, but even more so her superior domain administrator, achieved a unique independence. One of the most important upper domain administrators, Montuemhat, not only owns one of the largest graves in Thebes with his grave TT 34, but in Assyrian documents he is even listed as king of Egypt.
669 BC The Assyrians fell under Azarhaddon entered Egypt and conquered Memphis. In pursuit of the fleeing king Taharqa the Assyrians reached Thebes for the first time. The son of Taharqa, Tanotamun, was able to push the Assyrians back to Memphis for a while. 652 BC Chr. Drove the Assyrians under Ashurbanipal the Nubian kings and ravaged and plundered Thebes.
Thebes never regained its old size, even if temples were built in Greek times. The ruins that remained were still impressive enough that Homer would take the city of Thebes into his own Iliad mentioned:
- "He even offers Orchomenos goods, or something Thebe
Lests, Egyptian city, where the houses are rich in treasures:
The gate has a hundred, and two hundred are drawn from each
Armed men to quarrel with horses and harnesses ... "[3]
In Roman times, Thebes belonged to the Roman province of Thebais.
Despite the destruction of the city of Thebes in the late period, so numerous ancient Egyptian monuments are still preserved, so that the greater Thebes area next to the Memphite necropolis represents the most important archaeological site in Egypt.
getting there
You can get there by bus or train Luxor or the 1 Luxor International Airport
(IATA: LXR).
mobility
In December 2008, the obligation to convoy was largely abolished: from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. there is no longer any obligation to convoy. Convoys are still compulsory at night. Such private convoys can cost up to 200 euros.
Tourists can now move about freely in the Luxor governorate, but also in its neighboring governorates.
Tourist Attractions
There are numerous monuments from Pharaonic times in the places mentioned.
activities
Owns for entertainment Luxor numerous possibilities.
On the West bank you can explore the area with hot air balloons and quads.
security
Convoys are only required from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.
trips
- The visit of eṭ-Ṭōd can be compared with those of el-Maʿalla and Esna connect. Eṭ-Ṭōd and Moʿalla are on the east bank south of Thebes. Esna, on the west bank, can be reached by road over the dam.
- The visit of el-Madāmūd on the east bank north of Thebes can be reached with the from el-Qalʿa (Temple of Isis) by Qūṣ connect with its historic old town. A permit is required to visit the Month Temple in el-Madāmūd.
- On the west bank, north of Thebes, there are between Naqada and Qamūlā there are seven monasteries, namely Deir el-Malāk Mīchāʾīl at Naqada, Deir eṣ-Ṣalīb and Deir Abū el-Līf in Ḥāgir Danfīq, Deir Mār Girgis el-Magmaʿ, Deir el-Anbā Pisentius, Deir Mār Buqṭur and Deir el-Malāk Mīchāʾīl at Qamūlā.
- South on the west bank is worth visiting Deir esch-Schalwīṭ, Armant, el-Gebelein as well as the two monasteries Deir el-Fachūrī and Deir esch-Schuhadāʾ.
literature
- : Thebes. In:Helck, Wolfgang; Westendorf, Wolfhart (Ed.): Lexicon of Egyptology; Vol. 6: Stele - cypress. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1985, ISBN 978-3-447-02663-5 , Col. 465-473.
Individual evidence
- ↑: Thebes, el-tariff, prehistoric sites. In:Bard, Kathryn A. (Ed.): Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt. London, New York: Routledge, 1999, ISBN 978-0-415-18589-9 , Pp. 824-826. — : El Târif Silex Industries: A Contribution to the Development of Predynastic Cultures in Upper Egypt. Mainz: from Zabern, 1979, Archaeological publications; 26, ISBN 978-3-8053-0376-7 .
- ↑: Graves of the Old and Middle Kingdom in El-Tarif. Mainz: from Zabern, 1976, Archaeological publications; 17th, ISBN 978-3-8053-0046-9 .
- ↑Homer, Iliad, Ninth song, Verses 381–384, translation by Johann Heinrich Voss.
