Lesser Poland - Kleinpolen

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Lesser Poland
CapitalKrakow
Residents
3.360.581 (2013)
surface
15,108 km²
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DenmarkRussiaLithuaniaBelarusUkraineSlovakiaCzech RepublicGermanyWest PomeraniaPomeraniaWarmia-MasuriaPodlaskieLublinSubcarpathianLebusLower SilesiaOpoleSilesiaLesser PolandGreater PolandKuyavian PomeranianŁódźHoly CrossMazoviaMalopolskie in Poland.svg
Map of Lesser Poland

The voivodeship Lesser Poland(Polish: Województwo małopolskie) located in the south Poland, with the capital in Krakow. Except for the capital there are two more independent cities, Tarnów and Nowy Sącz. The voivodeship borders in the west Silesia, in the north Heligkreuz and in the east to that Subcarpathian. In the south, on the main ridge, is the Carpathians the limit to Slovakia.

Lesser Poland Voivodeship, with its six national parks and five world heritage sites, is one of the most attractive regions in Poland for tourism. Six of the 23 Polish national parks are located in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship, making Lesser Poland the first in Poland. The National Parks of Malopolska protect particularly beautiful mountain regions of the Tatra Mountains, Gorce, Babia Gora, the Pienines, Magura and Krakow-Czestochowa Jura, in which wolves and brown bears can sometimes be found. Here are the highest mountains in Poland.

Lesser Poland also ranks first in Poland in terms of the number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites: five of the thirteen Polish sites are located here. The former capital Krakow is considered the most beautiful city in Poland and was European Capital of Culture in 2000. The old town with the Wawel complex is on the list of the 12 most protected architectural monuments of mankind.

The nightlife Krakow with its numerous student cellars is legendary. There are also numerous monasteries, castles and renaissance palaces in the region. Zakopane is considered to be the winter sports capital of Poland with après ski at its best. Bukowina Tatrzańska, Białka Tatrzańska, Zawoja, Krynica-Zdrój and Rabka-Zdrój are other important ski resorts. At the reservoirs, for example at Czorsztyn, Czchów, Klimkówka, Mucharz, Rożnów and Dobczyce water sports are possible. Raft and kayak tours in Dunajec-Breakthrough in the Pienines are a special experience. The 800-year-old salt mine is also a must Wieliczka.

Regions

Subcarpathian near Rożnów
Krakow Gate at Tyniec
Beskids island with Tatras
Sea eye in the High Tatras

The name Malopolska is derived from the High Middle Ages and has nothing to do with the size of the region. Since the core area of ​​the Polish state in the early Middle Ages around the fortifications on the Greater Poland Lake District developed, this heartland became Polonia Maior called. Lesser Poland, which initially belonged to the Great Moravian Empire and only came to Poland as a province around 990, was thus called Polonia Minor designated.

Most of the voivodeship is made up of the southwestern part of historical Lesser Poland. Small parts also belong in the west Upper Silesia to the Lesser Poland Voivodeship and parts of the historical regions in the south Zips and Arwa. In return, parts of historical Lesser Poland are now in the voivodships Silesia, Łódź, Holy Cross, Mazovia, Lublin and Subcarpathian and to a small extent also in the Slovakia.

Lesser Poland can be roughly divided into four further regions from north to south, the Krakow-Czestochowa Jura, the Vistula valley, in which Krakow lies, the low mountain range Beskydy Mountains, Gorce and Pienines as well as the high mountains Tatra Mountains With Podhale, Zips and Arwa.

  • In the northwest extends the Krakow-Czestochowa Jura from the Vistula to Silesia, to which the Mechau plateau connects.
  • In the south, the Jura is dated in the Krakauer Tor Vistula valley breached behind Krakow in the Sandomirer Pelvis continues.
    • In the eastern Vistula valley, the jungle extends south of the river Niepolomitzer Heide, the favorite hunting ground of the Polish kings.
  • The low mountain ranges of the begin south of the Vistula Subcarpathian:
  • The significantly higher ones begin south of the Sub-Carpathian Mountains Outer Carpathian Mountains:
    • The Little Beskids are on the border with the voivodeship Silesia.
    • To the south of the Little Beskids lie the Saybuscher Beskids with the highest point, the Babia Góra with 1725 meters above sea level.
    • To the east of the Little Beskids they close Makov Beskids at.
    • To the east of the Makov Beskids are the Island Beskids.
    • South of the island Beskids begin the Gorce.
    • To the southeast of the Gorce they close Sandets Beskids at.
    • The Beskydy Mountains begin east of the Sandetser Mountains Lower Beskids with the Magurawhich are already partly in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship.
  • South of the Beskydy Mountains is the Piene belt made of limestone with its bizarre rock formations:
    • In the east of the belt the limestone cliffs of the Pienines from the valley between the Beskids and the Tatra Mountains.
  • South of the Pieniengurtel lie the Inner Carpathian Mountains:
    • In the west of the Inner Carpathians Lesser Poland has a share in the Arwa.
    • This forms the majority of the Inner Carpathians of Lesser Poland Podhale.
    • In the west of the Inner Carpathians Lesser Poland has a share in the Zips.
  • In the extreme south of the voivodship are the high alpine mountains of the Tatra Mountains with the High Tatras (Eastern Tatras) in the east and the Western Tatras in the West.

places

Prądnik Valley near Ojców
Pieskowa-Skała at Scale
Krakow
Niepołomice
Wieliczka
Nowy Wiśnicz
Biecz
Kalwaria Zebrzydowska
Limanova
Ochotnica Dolna
Piwniczna-Zdrój
Krynica-Zdrój
Sromowce Wyżne
Niedzica and Czorsztyn
Nowy Targ
Zakopane
Jurgów

Krakow-Czestochowa Jura

  • 1 WolbromWebsite of this institutionWolbrom in der Enzyklopädie WikipediaWolbrom im Medienverzeichnis Wikimedia CommonsWolbrom (Q1906323) in der Datenbank Wikidata
  • 2 OlkuszWebsite of this institutionOlkusz in der Enzyklopädie WikipediaOlkusz im Medienverzeichnis Wikimedia CommonsOlkusz (Q764943) in der Datenbank Wikidata
  • 3 RabsztynRabsztyn im Reiseführer Wikivoyage in einer anderen SpracheRabsztyn in der Enzyklopädie WikipediaRabsztyn (Q7278815) in der Datenbank Wikidata
  • 4 ScaleWebsite of this institutionSkała in der Enzyklopädie WikipediaSkała im Medienverzeichnis Wikimedia CommonsSkała (Q1280559) in der Datenbank Wikidata
  • Ojców
  • 5 KorzkievKorzkiew in der Enzyklopädie WikipediaKorzkiew im Medienverzeichnis Wikimedia CommonsKorzkiew (Q2791581) in der Datenbank Wikidata
  • 6 KrzeszowiceWebsite of this institutionKrzeszowice in der Enzyklopädie WikipediaKrzeszowice im Medienverzeichnis Wikimedia CommonsKrzeszowice (Q146509) in der Datenbank Wikidata
  • 7 RudnoRudno in der Enzyklopädie WikipediaRudno im Medienverzeichnis Wikimedia CommonsRudno (Q147759) in der Datenbank Wikidata
  • 8 BabiceBabice in der Enzyklopädie WikipediaBabice im Medienverzeichnis Wikimedia CommonsBabice (Q740546) in der Datenbank Wikidata

Vistula valley

Mechau plateau

Sandomir Basin

Wieliczka Mountains

Wiśnicz Mountains

Rożnów Mountains

Ciężkowice Mountains

Little Beskids

Makov Beskids

Saybuscher Beskids

Island Beskids

Gorce

Sandets Beskids

Lower Beskids

Pienines

Podhale

Arwa

Zips

Other goals

Wawel in Krakow

UNESCO world heritage

  • The old town and the Wawel in Krakow as well as the medieval district of Kazimierz.
  • The medieval salt mine in Wieliczka, 15 kilometers from Krakow.
  • The memorial of the concentration camp Auschwitz is known worldwide as the site of the Nazi genocide. Today the memorial museum commemorates the victims and perpetrators.
  • The monastery Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, southwest of Krakow, is after Czestochowa the second most important place of Marian devotion in Poland.
  • The medieval wooden churches in the Beskids, including in Dębno Podhalańskie.

National parks

Tatra National Park
Pienin National Park
Pienin National Park
Gorca National Park
Babia Góra National Park
Magura National Park
Ojców National Park

There are six national parks in Lesser Poland:

  • 1 Tatra National ParkWebsite of this institutionTatra National Park in the Wikipedia encyclopediaTatra National Park in the media directory Wikimedia CommonsTatra National Park (Q609353) in the Wikidata database - The park is located in the very south of Lesser Poland on the border with Slovakia. In the High Tatras, the 2499 meter high Rysy rises the highest mountain in Poland. Experienced hikers will find beautiful paths to the peaks, to clear mountain lakes and wonderful waterfalls in the Tatra National Park. In the area of ​​the national park there are around 225 kilometers of well-developed and marked hiking trails. Mountain bikers can use several designated slopes for their sport. For example, the route from Zakopane to the famous mountain lake Morskie Oko / Meeresauge and back is around 66 kilometers long.
  • 2 Pienin National ParkWebsite of this institutionPienin National Park in the Wikipedia encyclopediaPienin National Park in the media directory Wikimedia CommonsPienin National Park (Q625500) in the Wikidata database - The park is located in the Pieniny in the southeastern part of Lesser Poland on the Polish-Slovakian border south of Haluszowa, or northeast of the High Tatras. Block limestone forms picturesque, almost vertical white walls along the river Dunajec, which breaks through the mountains in a gorge up to 500 m deep. The most famous mountain Trzy Korony (Three crowns) has a height of 982 m and the highest peak of the Pieniny, the Wysoka in the Małe Pieniny rises to 1050 m. Characteristic of the landscape of these mountains are the bare rock walls, the isolated rocks. It can be assumed that between 13,000 and 15,000 animal species live here, i.e. half of the Polish fauna is represented. New species (especially butterflies and insects) have also been discovered that can only be found here. The fauna of southern Europe is abundantly represented here. The rarities include the eagle owl, wall creeper, merle, pygmy owl, three-toed woodpecker, black woodpecker and black stork. The largest predator is the lynx. Otters live on the banks of the Dunajec. In the 13th century, the Pieniny Castle was built within today's national park, the highest mountain castle in Poland (779 m). Two more castles were built on either side of the roads leading along the Dunajec, Czorsztyn and Niedzicawhich are considered to be the most beautifully situated castles in Poland. The main attraction of the park is a raft ride on the Dunajec, one of the biggest tourist attractions in Central Europe. Given its location, the park has many vantage points that offer a beautiful panorama of the neighboring mountain ranges. The views of the Tatras, Gorce and Magura are particularly impressive.
  • 3 Gorce National ParkWebsite of this institutionGorce National Park in the Wikipedia encyclopediaGorce National Park in the media directory Wikimedia CommonsGorce National Park (Q618174) in the Wikidata database - The park covers the central and northeastern part of the Gorce Mountains. It is located in the south-eastern part of Lesser Poland. Gentle, dome-shaped peaks dominate the Gorce landscape. The river valleys cut deep into the massif, whose shape is reminiscent of an octopus, with the summit of the Turbacz as the central apex. The highest mountain is the Turbacz (1310 m). The park fauna is typical of the Beskydy Mountains. The rich world of birds is represented by buzzards, honey buzzards, hawks, hawks, owls, woodpeckers, grouse birds and many others. The park is home to lynxes, wolves, bears, adders, grass snakes and deer, roe deer and wild boar are widespread. The fire salamander, which is very common here, is a symbol of the national park. The Gorce, and with it the park, have many monuments of popular architecture. On the mountain clearings you can visit shepherds' huts, which have repeatedly been declared monuments of material culture. Given its location, the park has many vantage points that offer a beautiful panorama of the neighboring mountain ranges. The views of the Tatra Mountains, Babia Góra and the Pieniny Mountains are particularly impressive.
  • 4 Babia Góra National ParkWebsite of this institutionBabia Góra National Park in the Wikipedia encyclopediaBabia Góra National Park in the Wikimedia Commons media directoryBabia Góra National Park (Q606000) in the Wikidata database - The park is located in the south-western part of Malopolska, near the border with Slovakia. It covers the northern and southern sides of the Babia Góra massif with the highest mountain in the Beskydy, the Diablak (1725 m). In 1977 it was declared a World Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO and included in the Man and Biosphere Program (MAB) included. Babia Góra consists of sedimentary rocks. The north walls of the massif were created as a result of huge landslides. The park fauna includes many species of birds such as wood grouse, eared owls, urale owls, eagle owls, woodpeckers, brown alps and rock pipit. Deer are represented in large numbers, but there are also lynxes, wolves and bears as well as dormice, dormice and garden dormouse. You can hike and climb in the park along the hiking trails. The biggest tourist attraction is the Diablak, the highest peak of Babia Góra, which rises a few hundred meters above the neighboring peaks. Here you have a fantastic view over the area from Krakow to the Low Tatras, including a panorama of the Polish Tatras.
  • 5 Magura National ParkWebsite of this institutionMagura National Park in the Wikipedia encyclopediaMagura National Park in the media directory Wikimedia CommonsMagura National Park (Q622777) in the Wikidata database - The park is located in the south-eastern part of the country in the Low Beskids, on the border with Slovakia. It lies in the territory of the Lesser Poland Voivodeships and in Subcarpathian. The landscape of the park is typical of the landscape of the Low Beskids with their middle and low mountains. The main part of the park is the Magura Watkowska ridge with the Watkowa peak (847 m). Its northern slopes are cut by the Bednarka and Klopotnica streams. The eastern part of the Magury forms a series of individual mountain saddles separated by stream valleys and deep mountain passes. The Wisłoka headwaters are located in the park. 137 bird species are represented here, including many rare and endangered species, such as the golden eagle, the lesser spotted eagle, the eagle owl and the honey buzzard, as well as the black stork, great owl and white-backed woodpecker. 35 animal species live here, including the brown bear, the lynx, the wildcat, the wolf and the otter, fire salamander, newt, mountain toad, adder, smooth snake and grass snake. The oldest trace of human life in this part of the Low Beskids are the remains of a handsome early medieval castle on Mount Walik at the foot of Magura Watkowska. It belonged to a chain of medieval castles in the southeastern border region of Wislanen. The landscape is adorned by the Greek Orthodox churches of the people of the Lemken. Also worthy of note are the largely forgotten and crumbling cemeteries from World War I, with the remains of thousands of enemies united after death. The tragic memorial of the Second World War is a cemetery with 1250 victims of Jewish origin who were murdered by the Nazis in 1942 on the Halbow Pass.}}
  • 6 Ojców National ParkWebsite of this institutionOjców National Park in the Wikipedia encyclopediaOjców National Park in the Wikimedia Commons media directoryOjców National Park (Q619007) in the Wikidata database - The park is located in the northern part of Malopolska 16 km north of Kraków, in the Kraków-Czestochowa Jura. The park includes the valleys of two small rivers - Prądnik and Saspowka - as well as adjacent areas of the Jura plateau. It is the smallest national park in Poland. The geological base of the park area consists of Jurassic limestone. As a result of the action of karst water in the Ojców valleys, a strange landscape has emerged, interrupted by steep-walled gorges up to 120 m deep with different rock shapes and residual mountains. In the park area there are around 400 caves and other karst formations, such as Vaucluse springs, notched valleys, karst areas and funnels. The number of animal species is estimated at 12,000. The mammals found here include the badger, dormouse, ermine, beaver and bats, many of which live in the local caves. The oldest traces of human presence in this area date from the Late Stone Age and are around 120,000 years old. There are numerous architectural monuments in the park area. These include the well-preserved Renaissance castle in Pieskowa Skała and the ruins of a Gothic castle in Ojców. Both were once part of a medieval defense system that protected Poland's southwestern border. Due to the proximity of Krakow, the park is visited by numerous tourists who have a rich infrastructure at their disposal (museum, paths, accommodation, etc.).

Kayak and houseboat trails

Białka

Lakes

Czorsztyn reservoir

background

Lesser Poland is a historical voivodeship of Poland, located in the river basin of the Upper and Middle Vistula. In the 5th century these areas were inhabited by the West Slavic tribe of the Wislanes. At the end of the 9th century Lesser Poland was subjugated by the Greater Moravia State. In the first half of the 10th century it regained its independence and at the end of that century its territory became part of the Polish state. In the 11th century two provinces were formed here, Sandomierz and Krakow, whose capital Krakow became the Polish capital in 1038. The two provinces were subject to the Krakow diocese, which was founded in 1000. As a result of the division of the country into provinces in 1138, these areas became principalities, with the Krakow principality attaining the status of the senior district. Their ruler was also the ruler of Poland (senior). After the reunification of the Polish state in 1306, the two principalities became regions.

Around the 15th century the name Lesser Poland (Polish. Małopolska; lat. Polonia Minor) enforced, as a counter-translation to Greater Poland (Polish. Wielkopolska; lat. Polonia Maior), the areas around the first Polish capitals Gniezno and Poses. During the 15th century the local parliament of Lesser Poland was formed with its seat in Nowy Korczyn. The period from the beginning of the 14th century to the 16th century was the time of Lesser Poland dominance in the political, economic and cultural life of Poland-Lithuania. Here there were prosperous latifundia with fertile soils, since the early Middle Ages, salt and lead mining, as well as iron and steel industry, have developed here. The city centers have boasted of specialized handicrafts, large-scale commerce and the flourishing of arts and science. Krakow experienced the most brilliant epoch in its history when it was the capital of the Jagiellonian monarchy, the largest European state.

In the late Middle Ages and early modern times, Lesser Poland was the center of great politics, trade, splendid Gothic and Renaissance architecture and the seat of one of the oldest European universities. Significant names such as Nikolaus Kopernikus, Veit Stoss or Conrad Celtis are associated with Lesser Poland at that time. The final relocation of the capital to Warsaw in 1609 delayed the region's development in the 17th and 18th centuries, so that the region retained its Renaissance charm and is considered the most Italian region outside of Italy, often called Polish Piedmont.

As a result of the three partitions of Poland by Russia, Prussia and Austria at the end of the 18th century, Lesser Poland found itself in the area annexed by Austrians and since then has borne the name Galicia. By virtue of the resolutions of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Krakow became a free republic, while the areas north of the Vistula became part of the newly founded Polish Kingdom, which was heavily dependent on Russia. In 1846 the Cracow Republic came to the Austrian Galicia.

In the years 1867-73, Galicia gained a large degree of autonomy, which enabled the abundant growth of Polish culture and art. In the time of the partitions, Galicia really became "Lesser Poland", i.e. the replacement for the free homeland on which the memories and hopes of the divided nation were concentrated.

In 1918 Małopolska returned as a whole to the newly formed Polish state and Krakow became the capital of the Krakow Voivodeship, which comprised the core of the areas of Lesser Poland excluding Eastern Galicia. After the Second World War, the borders of the Cracow Voivodeship were changed only slightly and lasted until 1975 when Poland was forced to be divided into 49 units. The Lesser Poland Voivodeship has existed again since 1999.

language

Polish is spoken with the Lesser Poland dialect, and in the mountains also with the Goral dialect. The foreign language skills of the population in Lesser Poland are very good. Almost all Lesser Poland speak English very well or well. And finally, Polish is not as difficult to learn as you might think at first. The Jagiellonian University in Krakow offers language courses for foreigners.

getting there

Krakow Airport
Krakow Central Railway Station
Excursion boat

By plane

There are also low-cost airlines from German-speaking countries 1 Krakow AirportWebsite of this institutionKrakow Airport in the Wikipedia encyclopediaKrakow Airport in the Wikimedia Commons media directoryKrakow Airport (Q581545) in the Wikidata database(IATA: CRC) or the 80 km away Katowice Airport or the 130 km away Rzeszów Airport approach, such as Wizzair (flies Katowice from Dortmund (twice a day), Frankfurt Hahn Airport and Cologne-Bonn off on) and Germanwings (flies Katowice from Dusseldorf off on). Lufthansa flies from Katowice to Frankfurt (3 times a day).

There is a bus shuttle service from Katowice Airport to Krakow (Matuszek Transfer and Pyrzowice Express), the journey time is 90 minutes. The tickets can be bought on the Internet and cost € 10 for a single journey.

The Rzeszów Airport is also served from the German-speaking area. It is suitable for getting to the eastern part of Lesser Poland quickly.

By train

Direct night trains run from Vienna, Prague and Budapest to Krakow. If you come by train from Germany, you will have to change trains in Dresden, Berlin or Warsaw.

By bus

Numerous bus companies offer bus trips from German-speaking countries to Krakow.

road

The highway Autostrada A4 runs from west to east and the S7 expressway from north to south through Lesser Poland. They cross in Krakow.

By boat

The Vistula is partially navigable in Lesser Poland. Excursion boats operate in and around Krakow. Further downstream, however, the Vistula becomes a wild, natural and meandering river again, which is not navigable for larger ships, so that there is no boat connection to it Warsaw consists.

mobility

The center of Lesser Poland is Krakow, from there all important places can be easily reached by car, train or bus. The fares are very low. The petrol is cheap.

Tourist Attractions

Niedzica
Czorsztyn

The list of sights in Lesser Poland is very long. The old town, the Wawel Castle and Cathedral in Krakow are certainly worth mentioning here, and the zum UNESCO World Heritage Site belonging wooden churches. But also many castles, monasteries, churches, picturesque places, salt mines, etc. should not go unmentioned.

  • Bochnia is next to the better known Wieliczka a second, more than 700 year old salt mine in the Kraków region.
  • Ojców is on the edge of the Ojców National Park.
  • Tarnów with its medieval old town
  • Zakopane in the Podhale is the most important winter sports center in Poland.
  • Niedzica with the castle of the same name lies in the Zips
  • Czorsztyn has a picturesque Gothic castle ruin
  • Łomnica-Zdrój
  • In Wadowice, southwest of Krakow, Pope John Paul II was born. A museum was built in the house where he was born, in which the life of the Pope is traced on the basis of documents, photos and personal items. Right next to it is the church in which Karol Wojtyła was baptized.
  • Krynica-Zdrój, Zawoja and Rabka are well-known winter sports and health resorts in the region.
  • Nowy Sącz(New Sandez) is north of the Sandets Beskids and is a good starting point for exploring the mountain region.
  • Stary Sącz(Alt Sandez), south of Nowy Sącz, is a center of regional folk art. Around the market of the pretty small town there are houses from the 19th century. There is a local museum at Rynek 6. The monastery of the Poor Clares was built in the 13th century and expanded in the 18th century. It is surrounded by high walls

activities

On the Eagle path

Hiking, cycling, horse riding and skiing are popular in the numerous mountains. Raft and canoe trips are available on the mountain rivers Dunajec and Poprad at. The numerous thermal baths of the Podhale invite you to swim and wellness. Extensive cures can be found in one of the many health resorts in the region. The most famous hiking trails and via ferratas include:

kitchen

Restaurant in Wartenberg Castle

For Polish cuisine, see the relevant section in the article Poland. In the mountains, the cuisine is goral. Wine is grown in Lesser Poland. The most famous beer brand in the region is Okocim. Krakow is home to the Krakow, the Bagel and the Obwarzanek. For a few decades now, viticulture has also found its way back into Lesser Poland and the old winemaking traditions of southern Poland have been revived.

nightlife

Gothic restaurant cellar on the market square in Krakow

There are a large number of quaint pubs and restaurants in Lesser Poland. The nightlife is concentrated in the voivodeship capital Krakow and on the ski resorts Zakopane, Szczyrk, Krynica and the city Tarnów.

security

It is actually quite safe, but you should not neglect the necessary care in large crowds, e.g. in large markets or train stations - as everywhere in the world.

climate

The climate is a transitional climate from temperate to continental. Summers are generally warm with mean temperatures between 16 ° C and 19 ° C and winters are cold, with mean temperatures around -2 ° C, although it is colder in the mountains. Precipitation falls mainly in spring and autumn, with the amount of precipitation increasing with height above sea level.

trips

Lesser Poland borders with the voivodships Silesia, Holy Cross and Subcarpathian. Both the popular mountain ranges of the Forest Carpathians in Subcarpathian, like the metropolises around Katowice are not far. Further natural beauties are in the three national parks of the "Polish East Face" in the voivodships Subcarpathian and Holy Cross protected, especially in the wild Bieszczady.

literature

See article too Poland.

Web links

PolandFlag of Poland
Poland - Voivodeships
Voivodeships:Warmia-Masuria • Greater Poland • Holy Cross • Subcarpathian • Lesser Poland • Kuyavian Pomeranian • Lebus • Łódź • Lublin • Mazovia • Lower Silesia • Opole • Podlaskie • Pomerania • Silesia • West Pomerania
Great landscapes: Polish Baltic coast • Polish Lake Districts • Sudeten • Carpathians
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